tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-85296886815955142222024-03-07T01:10:52.888-08:00VALVE SOLUTIONSAnandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.comBlogger281125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-84961289635443664882022-07-20T16:00:00.001-07:002022-07-21T03:26:58.384-07:00Basics of Pneumatic Actuators v/s Electric Actuators.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J6vY-gFIYWc/W5JVkYDB8gI/AAAAAAAAJFE/z15SbsVaGHARxUPmU7g17910MDHk2hFVQCLcBGAs/s1600/bp173.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="400" data-original-width="773" height="330" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-J6vY-gFIYWc/W5JVkYDB8gI/AAAAAAAAJFE/z15SbsVaGHARxUPmU7g17910MDHk2hFVQCLcBGAs/s640/bp173.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Valve actuators are automated mechanical devices capable of adjusting the position of various types of valves. The actuator itself is a mechanism driven by an external power source to produce a particular motion, which controls the valve position. The motion generated by the actuator can be either linear (straight horizontal or vertical motion) or rotary (revolving around a fixed axis).</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
There are several different types of valve actuators available. However, most actuators fall under two classifications: electric actuators or pneumatic actuators. The main difference between these two types of actuators is the primary driving force used in their operation.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Pneumatic Actuators</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Pneumatic actuators use air (or another gas) pressure as the primary power source to produce motion, which, in turn, controls the valve. In the most common type of pneumatic actuator, the diaphragm actuator, air is pumped into a hollow casing where the resulting pressure acts on a flexible rubber diaphragm to deflect it from its original position.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
The diaphragm, which is connected to a valve stem, moves up or down to adjust the valve disc and control fluid flow. Pneumatic actuators typically produce linear motion but can also be used to generate rotary movement.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Electric Actuators</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Electric actuators, on the other hand, use electricity as the main power source to drive the actuator motion. Electric actuators are further subdivided into two classifications: solenoid or motor-driven actuators. In solenoid driven actuators, an electrical current is passed through a coil to generate a magnetic field that moves the metal stem to adjust the position of the valve disc.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Motor-driven actuators use an AC- or DC-powered servo motor to move the valve to the desired position. Electric actuators are capable of producing linear or rotary motion.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Benefits and Uses of Pneumatic Actuators</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Pneumatic actuators are capable of producing some of the highest closing forces of all actuator types. Some pneumatic actuators can have a maximum pressure rating of 250 psi and can generate forces of up to 40,000 lb. Relatively fast closing speeds of up to 2m/s are also possible with this type of actuator. Both the speed and the force of the actuator can be easily fine-tuned by adjusting a system of pressure relief valves or flow regulators.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Another key advantage of pneumatic actuators is the comparatively low per unit cost. Pneumatic cylinders are inexpensive and can be easily upgraded to larger diameters. Large air compressors are also very efficient and economical for powering large groups of pneumatic devices.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
These actuators are well-known for their clean operation, lack of ignition source, and high reliability making them ideal for use in internal combustion engines, pumps, ventilation systems, and service in flammable or ignitable environments.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-top: 0px;">Benefits and Uses of Electric Actuators</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
One of the main advantages of electrical actuators is their precise and accurate positioning control. Intermediate and stop positions can be preprogrammed, allowing the actuators to be positioned at any location based on a specific input. Electric actuators also offer some of the fastest movement among all types of actuators, with speeds up to 10m/s.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
The separation of the electrical power source from the actuator facilitates easier maintenance of the actuator components and can minimize replacement costs. Also, electric actuators produce less noise than other types, making electric models very useful in noise-sensitive environments.</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #212529; font-family: "Whitney A", "Whitney B", "Helvetica Neue", Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 1.25rem; margin-bottom: 1rem; margin-top: 1rem;">
Electric actuators are typically used in machinery and equipment such as excavators, dump trucks, and forklifts. Lighter-duty electric actuators are commonly found in factory robotics and other manufacturing automation applications.</div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-70874162936848219062022-07-07T00:30:00.001-07:002022-07-07T04:17:17.876-07:00How do ball, gate, globe and butterfly valves function? [VIDEO]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/X14nww4wuAk?rel=0&showinfo=0" width="560"></iframe></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-51420138205783103152022-06-28T18:30:00.001-07:002022-06-29T03:56:14.954-07:00Why Selection and Sizing of Pressure Relief Valves is Critical?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lM-yOVdbIAY/V723rEdvMmI/AAAAAAAABNo/vjyimiCFtL0bJ7jtfAGVMFQ2Chz8-_AYwCLcB/s1600/valve-interlocks-psv.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="432" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-lM-yOVdbIAY/V723rEdvMmI/AAAAAAAABNo/vjyimiCFtL0bJ7jtfAGVMFQ2Chz8-_AYwCLcB/s640/valve-interlocks-psv.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-lCXXpbs_pg4/V722iVdjcVI/AAAAAAAABNg/eKXX5c4TfnUJ3CE1zRtRlarbsa1mJ0b1ACLcB/s1600/OG001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Why Selection and Sizing of Pressure Relief Valves is Critical?</h3>
<div data-canvas-width="128.47999999999996" style="font-family: serif; left: 334.467px; text-align: left; top: 453.38px; transform: scaleX(1.04455);">
<div data-canvas-width="529.6620000000001" style="font-family: serif; left: 84.0667px; top: 901.78px; transform: scaleX(1.01081);">
<div data-canvas-width="831.7199999999999" style="font-family: serif; left: 84.0667px; top: 1137.78px; transform: scaleX(1.00328);">
<div data-canvas-width="101.02799999999999" style="font-family: serif; left: 84.0667px; top: 973.38px; transform: scaleX(1.02048);">
<div data-canvas-width="315.79999999999984" style="font-family: serif; left: 84.0667px; top: 956.18px; transform: scaleX(1.01543);">
<span style="font-size: small;">.</span></div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
The function of a pressure relief valve is to protect pressure vessels, piping systems, and other equipment from pressures exceeding their design pressure by more than a fixed predetermined amount.The aim of safety systems in processing plants is to prevent damage to equipment, avoid injury to personnel and to eliminate any risks of compromising the welfare of the community at large and the environment. Proper sizing, selection, manufacture, assembly, test, installation, and maintenance of a pressure relief valve are critical to obtaining maximum protection. To learn more on the basic guidelines to selection criteria of valves read <b>"5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves?"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank"><b>Click Here</b></a> to read my earlier post on the subject.<br />
<br />
The pressure relief valve must open at a predetermined set pressure, flow at rated capacity at a specified overpressure, and close when the system pressure has returned to a safe level. Pressure relief valves must be designed with materials compatible with many process fluids from simple air and water to the most corrosive media. These design parameters lead to the wide array of pressure relief valve products available in the market today.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Types of Pressure Relief Valves:</b>
</h3>
The standard design safety relief valve is spring loaded with an adjusting ring for obtaining the proper blowdown and is available with many optional accessories and design features. The bellows and balanced bellows design isolate the process fluid from the bonnet, the spring, the stem, and the stem bushing with a bellows element. Jacketed valve bodies are available for applications requiring steam or heat transfer mediums to maintain viscosity or prevent freezing.<br />
<br />
To Learn more about <b>"Basic guidelines and applications of Control valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/11/basic-guidelines-and-applications-of.html" target="_blank"><b>Click Here</b></a> to read an earlier post. Pilot-operated valves are available with the set pressure and blowdown control located
in a separate control pilot. This type of valve uses the line pressure through the control pilot to the piston in the main relief valve and thereby maintains a high degree of tightness, especially as the set pressure is being approached. Another feature of the pilot-operated valve is that it will permit a blowdown as low as 2 %. The disadvantage of this type of valve is its vulnerability to contamination <span style="font-size: small;">from foreign matter in the fluid stream.</span><br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-size: large;"> Sizing of Pressure Relief Valves:</span></h3>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">Correct and comprehensive pressure
relief valve sizing is a complex multi-step process that should follow the
following stepwise approach:</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">1. Each piece of equipment in a
process should be evaluated for potential overpressure scenarios.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">2. An appropriate design basis must
be established for each vessel. Choosing a design basis requires</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">assessing alternative scenarios to
find the credible worst case scenario.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">3. The design basis is then used to
calculate the required pressure relief valve size. If possible, the sizing</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">calculations should use the most
current methodologies incorporating such considerations as two</span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large; line-height: 115%;">phase flow and reaction heat sources.</span><span style="font-size: large;"> </span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: large;">In the chart below i have illustrated relief valve size selection based on orifice designation and orifice area. [lock]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: large;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-VXBF4AA1iXOHVDwUNagQOb-V4RFh6YUGh_nMhCOFWOeT9rhm1vNOIRJDLQHRb54WyphMDWAdXd02lEqUz6koluRY9jfgMH2am4unc9T5ZPNA6_k01BkPb7eKWA_xmBcGZTxdNKP-XM/s1600/bp103.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="493" data-original-width="638" height="494" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx-VXBF4AA1iXOHVDwUNagQOb-V4RFh6YUGh_nMhCOFWOeT9rhm1vNOIRJDLQHRb54WyphMDWAdXd02lEqUz6koluRY9jfgMH2am4unc9T5ZPNA6_k01BkPb7eKWA_xmBcGZTxdNKP-XM/s640/bp103.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: large;">[/lock]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: small;"><b><br /></b></span></div>
In order to properly select and size a pressure relief valve, the following information should be ascertained for each vessel or group of vessels which may be isolated by control or other valves. The data required to perform pressure relief valve sizing calculations is quite extensive, Let me briefly explain the same. First, the equipment dimensions and physical properties must be assembled. Modeling heat flow across the equipment surface requires knowledge of the vessel material’s heat capacity, thermal conductivity, and density (if vessel mass is determined indirectly from vessel dimensions and wall thickness). The vessel geometry – vertical or horizontal cylinder, spherical, etc. – is a necessary parameter for calculating the wetted surface area, where the vessel contents contact vessel walls. Second, the properties of the vessel contents must be quantified.This includes density, heat capacity, viscosity, and thermal conductivity. Values of each parameter are required for both liquid and vapor phases. Boiling points, vapor pressure, and thermal expansion coefficient values also are required. Ideally, the properties will be expressed as functions of temperature, pressure, and compositions of the fluid. To learn more on <b>"How Preventive Maintenance in Process plants can result in Increased Revenues" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2010/03/preventive-maintenance-programs-in.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<br />
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">The most difficult aspect of the
design and sizing of pressure relief valves is ascertaining the controlling</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">cause of overpressure. This is
sometimes referred to as the worst case scenario. Overpressure in</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">equipment may result from a number
of causes or combination of causes. Each cause must be</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">investigated for its magnitude and
for the probability <span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif";">o</span>f its occurrence with other events. The objective</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "times new roman" , "serif"; font-size: large;">might be to document why the
particular design basis is the correct choice.</span></div>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-5808973350896981882022-03-18T20:30:00.001-07:002022-03-19T05:18:51.492-07:00Why digital valve controllers are preferred over pneumatic?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5kRlaA1rC-BF74qVCrhzzTtDtqUUU_OFNoCZdnSO4CIm3x0EfixxIlihbWmTRMkPcmxC1DtVXCeJxu1A1XwFVA2VhSm73a644YaA_IBr3i-aU8d5X8BWZtEzZymD7xCb5sPCrdPhmtQ/s1600/bp059.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="155" data-original-width="325" height="304" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgp5kRlaA1rC-BF74qVCrhzzTtDtqUUU_OFNoCZdnSO4CIm3x0EfixxIlihbWmTRMkPcmxC1DtVXCeJxu1A1XwFVA2VhSm73a644YaA_IBr3i-aU8d5X8BWZtEzZymD7xCb5sPCrdPhmtQ/s640/bp059.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Why digital valve controllers are preferred over pneumatic?</h3>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #363a3d; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Process plants left pneumatic control long ago for the convenience and advantages of digital control. Anyone who has seen the insides of a traditional pneumatic panel board control room can't help but admire the craftsmanship of those tubing fitters of an earlier era, but electronic and digital systems provide capabilities for process tuning, custom control logic and communication that are too valuable to ignore. Pneumatic controls have remained in place because they offer some benefits that must be addressed if digital valve controllers (dvc) are to become more prevalent. The primary reason they are still used on gas pipelines is simple pressurized gas is available to run the controller. It's essentially free, and it doesn't introduce any additional hazards. Pressure in the pipe is most always available. To learn more about the<b> "Basic guidelines and application of Control Valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/11/basic-guidelines-and-applications-of.html" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #363a3d; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;">Digital valve controllers (dvc) are vulnerable to interruptions in the power supply. Given the remoteness of many pipeline installations, this consideration is often cited as a weakness. Moreover, a pneumatic controller is not affected by lightning, which has caused countless failures in electronic instrumentation installed on pipelines. Last but not least, pneumatic controllers do not introduce an ignition source and are thus rated non-incendive, so they can be used in Class 1, Division 1 environments without a second thought. Digital valve controllers (dvc) are fast replacing pneumatics as they have in countless refinery and chemical plant applications, but users have to pay attention to appropriate housing, mounting and other considerations.Some of the key advantages of digital valve controllers (dvc) over pneumatic are as below. To learn more on <b>"What are the different causes of failures in Control Valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/11/what-are-different-causes-of-failures.html#more" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here ]</b></a>to read my earlier blog post. For a better understanding see the comparative table below of functionality of digital valve controllers (dvc) versus pneumatic devices. </span><br />
<br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"> [lock]</span></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y0sgLwrY2UY/WjN-Uc5c2YI/AAAAAAAAIwA/Mx4QARgTCbgJ92pXl5vA-3H8upt5s6bVQCEwYBhgL/s1600/bp109.PNG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="402" data-original-width="596" height="428" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-y0sgLwrY2UY/WjN-Uc5c2YI/AAAAAAAAIwA/Mx4QARgTCbgJ92pXl5vA-3H8upt5s6bVQCEwYBhgL/s640/bp109.PNG" width="640" /></span></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #363a3d; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
[/lock]</div>
<ol style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #363a3d; line-height: 1.6; list-style-position: outside; margin: 0px 0px 20px 32px; padding: 0px;">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A digital control strategy can include redundant transmitters to read pressure from the gas trains, and pressure can be controlled based on different control schemes which are selected based on the intended goal. Pressure can be controlled based on the high or low transmitter, or the average of the two. Differing transmitters can also be brought into the same unit, such as flow and pressure, allowing control of multiple variables or monitoring of one variable while controlling the other.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Varying flows and pressures in the pipeline, either from upstream or downstream, can cause problems with pneumatic controllers. A large diversion of gas to a new destination can cause a drop in pressure, and the controller may not be able to respond quickly. Digital valve controllers (dvc) obviously don't share this disadvantage.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">A digital valve controller (dvc) can tune its response to a change in the process in a way that isn't possible with a pneumatic unit. Such tuning involves adjusting one or all of the controller's proportional, integral and derivative variables. These variables, once set, are valid for a particular set of operating conditions. Digital valve controllers (dvc) can also monitor process conditions and performance, and then adjust or change control variables to suit operating conditions. One method for changing these variables is gain scheduling, which involves adjusting the proportional band, or gain, based on a variable in the process such as flow. Maintaining pressure in the pipe at a low flow rate requires different variables than at a high flow rate. Using the flow rate in the pipe to provide a linear adjustment to the gain of the controller provides an effective way to keep the pressure under control regardless of changing demands. PID switching is another method of maintaining control. With this method, the P, I and D terms can all be changed based on process conditions versus the limitation of adjusting the proportional band alone which is typical of most pneumatic controllers. One should also note that there is not a linear relationship between flow and the tuned variables, so the control variables are only changed if the flow varies from a preset range, allowing the user to focus the best tuning parameters on problem control areas.</span><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z7zUDh4Xqig/WjN-c_W2FKI/AAAAAAAAIwA/qDnW0NavnmAtsSIgiohMZ8ZE9FAglvTUgCEwYBhgL/s1600/bp013.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><span style="font-family: inherit;"><img border="0" data-original-height="184" data-original-width="274" height="268" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-z7zUDh4Xqig/WjN-c_W2FKI/AAAAAAAAIwA/qDnW0NavnmAtsSIgiohMZ8ZE9FAglvTUgCEwYBhgL/s400/bp013.jpg" width="400" /></span></a></div>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Manual loop tuning was part and parcel of the pneumatic control age, but is now largely a lost art. Without expert guidance, tuning a flow or pressure loop can cause unusually long times to reach a desired setpoint or excessive loop oscillations. Most digital valve controllers (dvc) employ an auto tuning algorithm to set the PID parameters. When the auto tuning mechanism is engaged, a controller will initiate a small bump to the variable and then observe how the process responds. Based on the dead time, amount of overshoot and the control period, the algorithm is then able to determine the best control variables for that loop. This approach can drastically reduce the amount of time and expertise required to stabilize the loop, and the results are typically excellent.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Flow and pressure can be controlled from the same unit. In applications where flow is a controlled variable, such as multiple gas pipeline service into a power plant where an uninterruptible fuel supply is required, a digital valve controller (dvc) can operate based on flow, and then switch to pressure if a single service is used. Pressure can also be monitored such that if it exceeds a certain threshold, control can be handed off so that pressure is the primary variable. This type of control strategy is not possible with a pneumatic unit. Multiple valves on a train can easily be controlled by a single unit. For example, if gas flow to a specific pipeline branch or customer needs to be turned off, the digital controller can close the lock-up valve when commanded. The lock-up valve can also be disengaged automatically and control restored by issuing a single local or remote command.<br style="box-sizing: border-box;" /> </span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"><span style="font-family: inherit;">Direct digital access to a local remote terminal unit (RTU) can provide remote access from a central supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. The SCADA system can then be used to monitor operation, change setpoints, modify operation modes, etc. Collecting data is as simple as issuing a command over the digital network connecting the controller to the RTU. A controller with a direct connection to the process and required built-in control functionality can take over control duties that were being performed by the RTU in case of RTU failure, or simply to reduce the task load on the RTU. Many controllers can perform basic functions such as pressure and temperature compensation or flow totalization, leaving the RTU available for other tasks. Necessary calculations that were being carried out by the RTU can now be executed by the controller since it has direct access to the process. Function such as pressure / temperature compensation or flow totalization through each train can be easily calculated in the controller, leaving the RTU available for other tasks. In most situations, the controller is better suited for these functions due to its quick response time. Most RTUs are relatively slow, running at 1 to 2 Hz, while a controller can run calculations at 20 Hz.</span></li>
</ol>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #363a3d; line-height: 1.6; margin-bottom: 20px; padding: 0px; text-rendering: optimizeLegibility;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br style="box-sizing: border-box;" />Finally the ability to perform these important functions can outweigh the potential inconveniences of installing the electrical infrastructure to support a digital valve controller (dvc) and instrumentation. While the arguments in favor of pneumatic hardware are still considerable, changing market conditions may simply force the issue as those devices are simply unavailable or too expensive. The potential of losing production due to the inability to find a replacement part for a legacy system could outweigh the cost of upgrading to current digital equipment. With digital control, features and options preferred in a pipeline application can be implemented easily and modified as required with no real physical change to the process. Direct remote access to the control loop via RTUs and a SCADA system provides a level of remote insight into a loop that is simply not possible with pneumatic equipment. Pneumatic control has had a long and admirable history, but for many it's time to upgrade to the capabilities of more modern approaches in pipeline applications.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
</div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-13885372991522644422022-02-24T19:30:00.001-08:002022-02-24T23:04:43.416-08:00Why Ball and Butterfly valves are preferred over Gate valves?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeZ6K132u29Bl4IXug35GGbrbxu6LsbTZEwMBDAO5eFW4pp9XcCH8NSIoRdUMcs3osoSrRvN7t81OpJpq7IFP4uxMv-sBj2RcvSUu5LV3sTt6D3eqM1C9KEw_Z5vOSzNor2cSpvvxhI8/s1600/bp133.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="375" data-original-width="500" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjeeZ6K132u29Bl4IXug35GGbrbxu6LsbTZEwMBDAO5eFW4pp9XcCH8NSIoRdUMcs3osoSrRvN7t81OpJpq7IFP4uxMv-sBj2RcvSUu5LV3sTt6D3eqM1C9KEw_Z5vOSzNor2cSpvvxhI8/s640/bp133.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Why Ball and Butterfly valves are preferred over Gate valves? </h3>
Ball, Butterfly and Gate valves essentially perform the same function. However, their structural qualities are different. Ball valves have a stem and ball, which turns horizontally, and are commonly referred to as “rotational” valves. Butterfly valves have a stem and a disc, which function very similiar to a ball valve. They are best suited to applications requiring on/off control without pressure drop. Gate valves open by lifting a rectangular gate (or wedge) out of the path of the fluid. The sealing surfaces between the gate and seats are flat, so gate valves are often used when a straight-line flow of fluid and minimum restriction is needed. To learn more on the basic guidelines to selection criteria of valves read<b> "5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves?"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a> to read my earlier post on the subject. Before you decide on why ball and butterfly valves are preferred over gate valves you need to understand the difference between the rotary and linear movement of the sealing parts with regards to the direction of flow. I have explained the same in the chart below.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXe6AZX8AAKgLsRetrBQD4m3HZdEm7Ymfkmx5_9hZRRfWdtFVfrd1euVoIk7EYCHgTQlhFCqu3eRyGnCuEX9Y9IujVmlmwn-lswuiBgeR2RXs-ISmjn47vaT-ByaOjjO34VnxRS0KlfBQ/s1600/bp138.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="462" data-original-width="900" height="328" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjXe6AZX8AAKgLsRetrBQD4m3HZdEm7Ymfkmx5_9hZRRfWdtFVfrd1euVoIk7EYCHgTQlhFCqu3eRyGnCuEX9Y9IujVmlmwn-lswuiBgeR2RXs-ISmjn47vaT-ByaOjjO34VnxRS0KlfBQ/s640/bp138.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
To understand better i have listed the advantages of Ball and Butterfly
valves as well as advantages and disadvantages of gate valves in the
slides below.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YVAp5invgn6dplZ4A-9ekqOWkMTTOR1KwOWWKqDD_RtejQuwsIdqHE5YKCHQWY6GPDdSBBa2AibBbJCIJ8XImgKVs3jf5ffDw8EaFVMoAXLnbkneCITOHE9A-7fbqUdDdsBvjn0BKGM/s1600/bp102.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="359" data-original-width="638" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_YVAp5invgn6dplZ4A-9ekqOWkMTTOR1KwOWWKqDD_RtejQuwsIdqHE5YKCHQWY6GPDdSBBa2AibBbJCIJ8XImgKVs3jf5ffDw8EaFVMoAXLnbkneCITOHE9A-7fbqUdDdsBvjn0BKGM/s640/bp102.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrOIdPMzoqKqT270cFs5MTPedrY66BIy6dSe58IZs9UpgytJIdNpALz4euDtlNXdI5wE4snfD6Nx_4z_UjBOK-S4nITWg4yNuOrl9bq05s9rda-evfoCHHGj9uAkboF0br53t8qr5xHJ4/s1600/bp101.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="638" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrOIdPMzoqKqT270cFs5MTPedrY66BIy6dSe58IZs9UpgytJIdNpALz4euDtlNXdI5wE4snfD6Nx_4z_UjBOK-S4nITWg4yNuOrl9bq05s9rda-evfoCHHGj9uAkboF0br53t8qr5xHJ4/s640/bp101.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
Isolation valves in the flow industry serve the primary function of on/off in most process flow applications. For many years piping design engineers preferred gate, globe valves for these funtions. However whenever quick shut off was required ball valves, butterfly valves were a much preferred option due to 90degree open close function. Over the years with more modern valve automation solutions in the market, the valve is no more the primary source of selection. In todays market place gate valve and globe valves are being fast replaced by ball valves and butterfly valves due to their many advantages. The latter are much easy to operate, 90degree open close function, more compact in size thereby occupying less space and last but not least the ease at which these valves can be automated at a much lower cost. Among all of these factors the ease of automation of ball and butterfly valves are gaining much popularity among manufacturers as well as piping design engineers. These days with more versatile designs in metal seated ball valves and butterfly valves they are fast becoming much sought after even for high temperature and high pressure applications.<br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-74958852422406775792022-02-17T23:30:00.001-08:002022-02-18T05:38:02.111-08:00Golden opportunity for SMEs with Oil & Gas industry under pressure.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--eEFnGSI6JQ/XrvhUduN97I/AAAAAAAAMNg/-SboXu7H9NElMhhmHilOTKMm_1H-faXcgCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bp034.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="145" data-original-width="346" height="268" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/--eEFnGSI6JQ/XrvhUduN97I/AAAAAAAAMNg/-SboXu7H9NElMhhmHilOTKMm_1H-faXcgCNcBGAsYHQ/s640/bp034.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<span style="background-color: white; color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;"><br /></span>
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;"><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Oil and Gas companies around the world are grappling with the appropriate response to the Coronavirus (Covid-19) for their employees, customers and their business, as well as the fallout from the Saudi/Russia price war. This unique situation of an overstocked oil market and a massive fall in demand has created a once-in-a-generation test of resilience planning and organisation flexibility.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">For many organisations the current crisis is an opportunity to not just survive but thrive.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Rapid decision making</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">Oil and Gas leaders should think through the medium term implications of decisions as they finalize a course of action – this is where an organization’s data strategies will separate the winners and the losers. Having the ability to quickly access and analyse data that allows you to assess things like credit exposure and payables is a tremendous tool for rapid decision making. The ability to distinguish between what is keep the lights on (KTLO) spend, important programs and discretionary spend is key to navigating this difficult time, many organisations are still reeling from the “freeze all spends” stance in the 2014-2015 crash.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Identifying and optimising value streams</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">For organisations that are on the path to being more agile and have value streams defined, the Covid-19 situation is a great litmus test – they should be able to look at value streams which are still yielding (or are expected to) yield high value and focus on those while curtailing the other ones. For B2B firms, these may or may not end up being customer facing ones, a good example is that a refiner may look for value streams that are optimization oriented vs. customer oriented. In nutshell this is a golden opportunity for small medium equipment and service providers that could never make it to the vendor approval and meet qualification requirements. EPC as well as end user downstream manufacturing plants will once again open vendor registrations in a big way in an effort to source at lower costs. <a href="https://www.valvesolutions.co/sample-data-lists" target="_blank">Click here</a> to download validated datalists of Purchase & Contracts at global EPC, Oil and Gas companies.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><strong style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">Business models for long term resilience</strong><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">During black swan events like the current Coronavirus situation, and the Russia/Saudi price war, it is absolutely critical for oil and gas companies to have a better understanding of their B2B and B2C customers and a more flexible business model to build long term resilience.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">On the B2C side, again, having an exemplary customer data strategy can give you an alternative business model, by truly understanding your customer’s behaviour, preferences and intent you have a ‘plan b’ strategy of relevant products from your own organisation or partner organisations (for example EV charging stations) that can offer an alternative revenue stream, when oil demand has decreased.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif; font-size: 17px; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;" /><span style="color: #333333; font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif; font-size: 17px;">In a B2B context it is equally important to know which customers to focus on first, and again having access to this data is key, in such situations, keeping close to customers who have long term contracts, are worried about supply chain disruption or are looking for supplier flexibility in light of dwindling demand (say an airline which has a long term contract with an oil major).</span></span></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-38227680897454222372022-02-09T00:05:00.001-08:002022-02-09T02:15:34.359-08:00How to adjust seat compression for soft seated ball valve?<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkCPdvdRbuc/X5aCp4nxJZI/AAAAAAAAMaw/yX1-c-nQXZQkHGlkrF64NsPQ5n6whv9ogCNcBGAsYHQ/s234/bp045.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="234" data-original-width="215" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pkCPdvdRbuc/X5aCp4nxJZI/AAAAAAAAMaw/yX1-c-nQXZQkHGlkrF64NsPQ5n6whv9ogCNcBGAsYHQ/w630-h640/bp045.jpg" width="630" /></a></div></div><br /><p>The key to ball valve performance is the sealing design, regardless of whether the seats are made of metal, plastic or other material. Another important function of ball valve performance is the stem seal design. A typical floating ball valve seals off the line pressure using soft seats such as PTFE (a plastic material called polytetrafluoroethylene and otherwise known as Teflon)</p><p>Pressure on a closed valve acts not only on the upstream side of the ball, but also on the back side of the upstream seat. The outcome of this force pushes the ball and the upstream seat in the direction of the downstream seat. This force can result in both elastic deformation and plastic deformation of the downstream seat. The onset of extreme plastic deformation results in the limitations of the valve seats.Elastic deformation is the intended temporary deformation engineered in the seat design that uses the stored energy in the design to temporarily change its shape to improve sealing performance while under pressure and temperature swings.Plastic deformation is the permanent deformation of the seat due to compression or extreme pressures and temperatures. This is sometimes referred to as "cold flow." Again, this defines the limitations of the seat design and material.</p><p>There are two different types of seating technology used in floating ball valve designs: jam seat and flexible seat, which is also referred to as an energized seat. Many of the early commercial ball valve designs, as well as some used today, depend on the jam seat design. This type of sealing is created from using excess material in the seat design, thereby "jamming" the ball (during assembly) slightly into the seat, which causes the seat to be compressed against the ball and inside body wall. The compression, or preset of the seat, is thereby compromising the seat due to plastic deformation. While this plastic deformation is slight, the compression of the seat is needed for tight sealing. This allows sealing in low-pressure applications, and as the pressure increases, the ball is forced into the downstream seat, causing a tighter seal. </p><p>There are many different designs of the energized seat. Again, the energized seat has a way of using the stored energy engineered in the design to compensate for changes in pressure, thermal compensation and wear by taking advantage of the elastic deformation built into the design. For example, a popular design used to achieve built-in energy in the seat is to shape the internal diameter of the seat so it is flexible. Along with this design, a flexure zone is included between the valve body and the outside edge of the seat. An initial preset, which takes place during final assembly of the valve, or compression is applied to the seat to cause the seat to bend into the flexure zone, thus storing elastic energy. This design takes advantage of the elastic deformation built into the design, therefore decreasing the chance of plastic deformation due to increases in pressure, thermal expansion and wear. As long as there is some clearance between the seat and the body in the flexure zone, the seat will flex rather than cold flow.</p><p>With both the jam seat design and the flexible seat design, in a new valve, upstream sealing will occur as long as upstream pressure does not move the ball past the effective preset. As upstream pressure increases, it forces the ball and the upstream seat to move in the direction of the downstream seat, causing the ball to press tighter against the downstream seat, which gives the valve a tight shutoff. When this happens, a gap will form between the valve body and back of the upstream seat. This allows upstream pressure to enter the valve cavity, which is exactly what is intended.</p>Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-17440311690563529152021-12-04T21:49:00.001-08:002021-12-05T23:33:31.137-08:00Fisher anti-cavitation valve trim improves process plant productivity.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CxmNPo2EioM/XGUAZYYBhjI/AAAAAAAAJUQ/fRGIqibLMF0Emmpbvb5VFt9oCug6e-EoACLcBGAs/s1600/bp192.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="450" height="426" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-CxmNPo2EioM/XGUAZYYBhjI/AAAAAAAAJUQ/fRGIqibLMF0Emmpbvb5VFt9oCug6e-EoACLcBGAs/s640/bp192.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="lead" style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; line-height: 1.4; margin-bottom: 20px;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Emerson’s Fisher Vee-Ball™ Rotary Control Valves are now available with Cavitrol™ Hex Anti-Cavitation Trim to reduce or eliminate vibration caused by cavitation. The Cavitrol Hex trim option provides improved performance in severe service applications while maintaining valve efficiency, resulting in increased safety.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Cavitation is the formation and collapse of vapour bubbles (cavities) in liquid flow streams caused by changes in pressure and velocity. There are three primary negative side-effects of uncontrolled cavitation in control valves: excessive vibration, equipment damage and deterioration of flow control. </span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Vibration can damage equipment and shorten operating life. When equipment deteriorates, flow cannot be controlled properly, negatively impacting plant availability, efficiency and output. Left unchecked, excessive vibration can create unsafe working conditions. The Cavitrol Hex Anti-Cavitation Trim substantially decreases vibration and reduces or eliminates cavitation to improve plant safety.</span></div>
</div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #505050; margin-bottom: 10px;">
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;">Cavitrol Hex trim is available on the following different models Fisher V150, V200 and V300 rotary control valves. It can be easily retrofitted into previously installed Vee-Ball valves after minimal modifications to the valve body. The trim option is available on Vee-Ball valves in sizes NPS 4 through to 12, providing high capacity for gas, steam and liquids. To meet specific application requirements, a variety of metal and soft ball seal materials are available. Cavitrol Hex trim will not affect valve shut-off or valve temperature limits and does not influence the primary ball/seal interface.</span></div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-23941693753078985832021-11-25T23:30:00.001-08:002021-11-27T00:29:07.705-08:005 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6fHQmLVIuIJlZCAK_fu8q4Qb3HnRh4FHONbdq3lONe_pJoUR_9_SdU4wpfB7y0rK78Cbe-WPwqO2fsYLiC4BzshSqRc6m4yBac7N7vDmzY8gd4zJGM1SJxSIxpvL7A2C_VmXUEfYt7Q/s1600/bp110.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="338" data-original-width="676" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgR6fHQmLVIuIJlZCAK_fu8q4Qb3HnRh4FHONbdq3lONe_pJoUR_9_SdU4wpfB7y0rK78Cbe-WPwqO2fsYLiC4BzshSqRc6m4yBac7N7vDmzY8gd4zJGM1SJxSIxpvL7A2C_VmXUEfYt7Q/s640/bp110.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves. <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></h3>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Having spent quite many years in the valves industry, I have
observed that, there has been a large displeasure among<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>plant personnel every time a check valve was
recommended. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>In nutshell a check valve
allows for the flow in one direction and automatically prevents backflow when
the flow reverses direction. It is a self regulated valve unlike other valves
that do not need the valve to be open or close.One of the common wrong practices I have observed are, check valves are
selected the same way on/off valves are selected based on line size and opting
for largest Cv available. What is not understood here is unlike on/off valves,
check valves function largely on the internal flow conditions as the disc is
always subject to flow pressure and responding accordingly. In most cases Cv is
calculated considering 100% open valve position however a reduced flow pressure
in the line results in wear and tear of moving parts as well as an increase in
pressure drop which is not desired resulting in the valve being a failure. To learn more about <b>"The Basic guidelines and applications of Control Valves" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/11/basic-guidelines-and-applications-of.html" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b> Well i decided to write this article to clear some misconceptions and narrow down the criteria for selecting the right valve for your application. First of all you should know the service conditions.</span></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b><span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><br /></span>
</b><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</h3>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: left;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;">Here are some basic guidelines for valve selection:</span></h3>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">A. Where the valve is to be used, what function you
want to perform?</span></b></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
</span></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
1. <b>Starting and Stopping flow:</b> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Gate, Ball and Butterfly Valves are the
most common form of shut-off valves, with ball and even butterfly valves
rapidly becoming the primary choice due to the ease of automation and fast
shut-off abilities, and in the case of ball valves the barest minimum of flow
restrictions. We are often supplying ball and butterfly valves fully actuated,
as plants of today become more and more automated, and are often now run by
computers and the flick of a switch.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
2. <b>Regulating Flow:</b> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> Regulating or throttling flow is most commonly done
with the use of a globe valve, and to a much lesser extent an angle valve. The
seat design forces the flow evenly around a disc or plug arrangement that
enables a closer regulation of flow. Globe valves are often used for the
control of steam. Your garden tap is a very common and basic form of a globe
valve design.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
3. <b>Preventing Back Flow:</b> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">This is the function of a check valve, it
prevents flow reversal in piping, a primary cause of water hammer. Check valves
most commonly are swing checks, normally used with gates and ball valves, and
lift check or spring checks, which are normally used with Globe and Control
type valves.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
4. <b>Regulating Pressure:</b> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Pressure Regulators and Control Valves are used
to reduce incoming pressure and maintain it at a required service pressure.
Fluctuations to the inlet pressures of a pressure regulator will not affect the
outlet pressure for which it is set at.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span></span>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
5. <b>Relieving pressure:</b> </span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">These are known as Safety Valves, normally used
for steam, air, and gases, and Relief Valves, usually used for liquids. These
are normally spring loaded valves which open automatically when the pressure
exceeds a set limit. They can either vent to atmosphere or to other piping.
Excessive pressures in something like a Boiler could cause major damage, if a
relief valve was not used. To Learn more about <b>"Why Selection and Sizing of Pressure relief valves is critical?"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/09/why-selection-and-sizing-of-pressure.html" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a> to read my earlier post.</span></span><br />
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]-->
</span></span><br />
<div class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-left: .75in; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -.5in;">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">B. What is
the service medium ? What are the pressure/temperature requirements?</b></h3>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</b></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">In
addition to the maker’s brand and valve size, pressure and temperature ratings
are equally important and normally expressed in pounds and are in terms of
steam, unless otherwise indicated. While looking at temperature and pressure
requirements </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">don’t forget to
consider<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>just the optimum running
conditions, but what<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>the pressure and
temperature would be on start-up /shut-down, or if a pump trips etc. </span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">Steel
ratings bear a mark such as 150, 300, 600, 900 etc. The figures denote a
maximum pressure (in pounds) at a certain maximum temperature, for which the
valve is suited. And will also reflect on any ANSI flanges required for the end
connections. The important effect temperature has on pressure ratings means it
is imperative that data sheets <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>are
referred to at all times. Further based on the above it is important to
evaluate the service medium (air, steam, water, corossive chemicals). </span><span lang="EN-GB" style="color: black; font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">What changes in quality might be expected, will there be any impurities,
will the fluids come from a consistent source or different suppliers (with
inherent changes in quality), will there be a filter to remove suspended
particles , etc. Also it is important to know the</span><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> condtions of operation (moderate/extreme). From
all of the above material of construction of the valve and its internals can
also be determined as below. To learn more on <b>"How Preventive Maintenance in process plants can result in Increased Revenues" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2010/03/preventive-maintenance-programs-in.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br />
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Brass and Bronze:</span></b> Brass is
the stock standard material used in most small bore, standard cold water
applications. Bronze an alloy of copper, tin, lead and zinc, is normally used
for steam and higher temperatures up to 230°C.<br />
<b>Cast Iron:</b> Normally used for lower pressure applications and in
butterfly valves bodies where it provides a cost effective alternative to
steel. Common in the fire protection and water industry.<br />
<b>Carbon and Stainless Steel:</b> Steel is recommended for higher pressure and
temperature applications and/or in services conditions that may be too harsh
for Brass, bronze and Cast iron.<br />
<b>Alloys:</b> Used in severe corrosive or acidic applications, or for use at
extreme temperatures. Many different types of alloys are available, but these
are normally manufactured and imported as required, as some of the more exotic
materials can be quite expensive to have sitting around a shelf gathering dust.<br />
<b>PVCs:</b> Plastics and PVCs are becoming an alternative to brass for use in
low pressure/temperature air, water and even chemical applications. </span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-size: 14.6667px;">Selection criteria between the different types of valves also depend on various funtionalities and process applications. I have illustrated these selection factors across gate valve, globe valve, ball valve, butterfly valve in the chart below. [lock]</span><br />
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnsluH9bdCqSOHOdzQyaa9GGuxAxYJZ2mhpxQM2w8biGJOnMXW5XrTowCQDTUgPWMM5w3vMxJFrlaAIesLbwCPjJW12gla0zyeawQUjsk3P4LvG_YaVIcWm5A4QP37UnS-H8-VrjJ1V0/s1600/bp099.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="417" data-original-width="1005" height="264" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEilnsluH9bdCqSOHOdzQyaa9GGuxAxYJZ2mhpxQM2w8biGJOnMXW5XrTowCQDTUgPWMM5w3vMxJFrlaAIesLbwCPjJW12gla0zyeawQUjsk3P4LvG_YaVIcWm5A4QP37UnS-H8-VrjJ1V0/s640/bp099.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><br /></span>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
<w:UseFELayout/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--></span></span>[/lock]<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"> C. What
kind of operator will you need manual/motorized ?</span></b></span></span></h3>
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">
<br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;">While
you go about selecting the right valve, choosing the right kind of operator is
also important. Choosing between manual or motorized actuator
(Pneumatic/electric/hydraulic) depends on a few factors. To Learn more about<b> "How to select the right actuator for your valve?" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/09/what-are-different-types-of-actuators.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b> to read my earlier post. While majority of the
applications prefer pneumatic actuators due to their light weight and rugged
structure.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Moreover<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>they are cost effective and highly reliable.
Pneumatic actuators are used in a potentially explosive environment. The
failsafe action of pneumatic actuators is system inherent. Manual shutoff
valves are used to isolate or bypass control valves. They are only occasionally
operated and used for on/off applications, when the response time is not
critical. Electric actuators are mainly used in applications where compressed
air is not available viz; in small systems for building automation, or in some
areas of power plants. There are many factors that need to be considered while selection of linear actuator vs rotary actuator. However, the implementation of failsafe action (fail
open or fail close) upon power supply failure or emergency shutdown in large
electric actuators requires a technically complex construction. Finally
hydraulic actuators are used in applications where the required force to
operate the valve cannot be accommodated by pneumatic or electric actuators.</span></span></span><br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-27126933816150702492021-11-17T12:00:00.001-08:002021-11-18T23:01:52.057-08:00 5 Facts Valve Manufacturers Cannot Ignore.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wWLClIe1kS8/WmciS1bVvQI/AAAAAAAAIyY/Cw-q6LRCCXI6RF-uYgbIZsY2Sq6j83IbQCLcBGAs/s1600/bp143.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="360" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-wWLClIe1kS8/WmciS1bVvQI/AAAAAAAAIyY/Cw-q6LRCCXI6RF-uYgbIZsY2Sq6j83IbQCLcBGAs/s640/bp143.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
5 Facts Valve Manufacturers cannot ignore. </h3>
A large municipal water project in Texas, USA were in need of placing an order of DN 2800 parallel faced metal seated gate valve which was part of the 2 billion dollar Integrated Pipeline Project. The DN2800 parallel faced metal seated gate valves are among the largest sizes in the Industry. The technical specifications required for this job were rather stringent that required appointed manufacturers use theoretical knowlede combined with empirical data and finite element analysis to simulate and predict the structural behaviour of the valve during its operation and its capability of sealing under various flow and pressure conditions. The manufacturers were also required to design the valve so as to incorporate external loading factors viz; computational seismic (modal) analysis to ensure the sustainability and robustness of the valve during earthquakes and other natural calamities.<br />
<br />
Some of the facts valve manufacturers cannot ignore are manufacturing gate valves of such large dimensions also comes along with challenges in manufacturing and assembly of each and every component of the valve and trim parts. Advanced casting simulation programme was required to optimise the casting process to ensure the castings manufactured were free from any residual stresses that could potentially develop during the solidification of the metal. Thus ensuring the enhanced life of the trim parts and components of the valve without subjecting them to excessive stress and strain. Extensive QA/QC and NDE inspection was also part of the bid specifications to guarantee that the valves were manufactured to the highest quality standards. <br />
<br />
While designing such large valves most manufacturers would take into account the longevity of uninterrupted service required. However valve manufacturers cannot ignore the importance of preventive or breakdown maintenance in the designing and manufacturing of non standard valves. How would the large size of these valves affect their design since any basic maintenance if required would have to be carried out insitu online along a cross country pipeline. During my earlier days at <a href="http://www.amruthatechnologies.com/" target="_blank">[<b>Amrutha Technologies</b>]</a> doing troubleshooting site services for global valve manufacturers in India, one of the biggest challenges i faced was the non availability of spare parts, repair kits and sourcing them. Even if the manufacturer had supplied essential spares at the project stage the handover from projects to the owner of the plant was mismanaged and many a time they were stored in large warehouses with little or no traceability making them no good. To learn more on <b>"How Preventive maintenance in Process Plants can result in increased revenues" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2010/03/preventive-maintenance-programs-in.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOBsfnaVwRi9d4jS33lOJeX0ch7nikaUdc-1Pfi3P1GdUZk5wapnQdzfuLnRhLIeCSN9pIm3LDuSiVZCHCv4-OXv_-StB74XBiB59OHc9diEg5h6W2BVTrZQAOjG5AbCcVHTbONPp7z4uc/s1600/bp145.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="456" data-original-width="766" height="380" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjOBsfnaVwRi9d4jS33lOJeX0ch7nikaUdc-1Pfi3P1GdUZk5wapnQdzfuLnRhLIeCSN9pIm3LDuSiVZCHCv4-OXv_-StB74XBiB59OHc9diEg5h6W2BVTrZQAOjG5AbCcVHTbONPp7z4uc/s640/bp145.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
While most leading valve manufacturers are familiar with standard products that make up the bulk of the industry. One big challenge that valve manufacturers bidding for this project had to ascertain were the manufacturing of associated internal components and trim parts of non standard sizes for which hi-tech advanced machining facilities were required. Most manufacturers are setup with state of the art machine tools for manufacturing standard components. Outsourcing is a standard practice in the industry with bulk of the smaller and standard products. However valve manufacturers cannot ignore the importance of qualifying vendors with adequate facility and proven track record, pedigree of doing custom non standard jobs which can be largely under estimated for at the bidding stage.<br />
<br />
While most manufacturers succeed at managing the entire operations across their global manufacturing facilities. Outsourcing and contracting work of such magnitude generally call for a completely different set of resources. For which manufacturers may not be setup and have to identify and evaluate third party vendors across many metrics, audit their QA/QC procedures and facility to ensure the finished parts achieve dimensional and geometric accuracy which are critical for the smooth operation of the valve. Another fact valve manufacturers cannot ignore while outsourcing jobs without indepth planning and evaluation is the cost of reworking. Any dimensional flaws or other manufacturing defects exposed in the final stage during inspections can be rather expensive to rework. To learn more on <b>"5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves"</b><br />
<b><a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a> </b><br />
<br />
The DN2800 gate valve final assembly was estimated to weigh over 100 tons and a robust 40 feet tall. The size alone throws another challenge most manufacturers are not prepared for in terms of will their existing facilities or outsourced facilities house the valve. Do they have adequate lifting, shifting, material handling facilities inhouse to move such large and heavy components. Further manufacturers had to take care while mounting and assembly of body parts to ensure the exceptional reliability of the valve build. Finally the first valve to be installed on the pipeline successfully cleared all hydraulic tests, Shell strength at 375psig and seating capability tested for zero leakage at 250psig. Such projects that involve such engineering depth and challenges in manufacturing also offer a great learning opportunity for the entire global valve community at large. <br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-77048952641398492632021-09-29T21:30:00.001-07:002021-09-30T05:45:09.514-07:00What is the difference between a rotary and a linear actuator?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxeUK07tLyEN1AUsuQKPeGEuKbqD_n672I7REXkgXyzTS3A0nyFDSD1r8YrtPLary-h2rN0YBWemgboP-YNvUcM26qH-mDrHP1tqUkV4ZpbbrBqm0T-zKuN4LwF4WXivHL2vug0pYZIPc/s1600/bp122.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="178" data-original-width="300" height="379" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjxeUK07tLyEN1AUsuQKPeGEuKbqD_n672I7REXkgXyzTS3A0nyFDSD1r8YrtPLary-h2rN0YBWemgboP-YNvUcM26qH-mDrHP1tqUkV4ZpbbrBqm0T-zKuN4LwF4WXivHL2vug0pYZIPc/s640/bp122.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What is the difference between a rotary and a linear actuator?</h3>
Actuators can be classified into two types based on their motion. Two primary actuator types are rotary, and
linear. An example of a rotary actuator is an electric motor, which is
an actuator that converts an electrical signal into a rotating motion of
its shaft. Linear actuators, on the other hand, produce a non-rotary
motion, such as a sliding motion, or piston motion in response to an
input signal. The distinction between a linear actuator vs rotary actuator is somewhat abstract. However, as a linear
actuator can be built using a normal rotary motor as its basis, and
vice verse. In each case, the initial motion produced is mechanically
converted to the other motion-type. Linear actuators can be electrically operated or pneumatic. The pneumatic diaphragm actuator is more popular and used to actuate linear valves such as globe,
three-way (diverting or mixing) and angle valves. Pneumatic linear
actuators have the simplest construction and provide very precise
control of flow. There are several factors that need yo be considered while choosing a linear actuator vs rotary actuator. To know more on<b> "How to Select the right Actuator for your valve?"</b> <b><a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/09/what-are-different-types-of-actuators.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a> </b>To better understand the various advantages and disadvantages between linear and rotary actuator kindly view the chart below.<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJ4dYzfVW_kM6WOyZhCEnaRSXES2aSx_kETA3pFjmVRuTnLkta5gHbeNw6P3ufOREXKx9HFsNm_AIdbYTqqbnnUBVCwPyoqYwTvPWwQyD5Zqc-Z0RJO-ydeiDbsXFm-OXn1Fe6a14J2M/s1600/bp137.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="479" data-original-width="638" height="480" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjhJ4dYzfVW_kM6WOyZhCEnaRSXES2aSx_kETA3pFjmVRuTnLkta5gHbeNw6P3ufOREXKx9HFsNm_AIdbYTqqbnnUBVCwPyoqYwTvPWwQyD5Zqc-Z0RJO-ydeiDbsXFm-OXn1Fe6a14J2M/s640/bp137.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
To better understand the difference between linear and rotary actuator i
have illustrated below a chart of load factors across different types
of actuators.<br />
[lock]<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK43ckI24rh9xrISYB74qAjiZpY1dDv-jEO34fWPHghgSSWdrIWNYJzT2GC5st3e1jKmDju4u69MJF2gOq14cTWRJ3KHwCslgQmOjm-iM0y63Os6X-zyV4ycyOYUBMRg5yR8fmBoOOQso/s1600/bp097.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="644" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgK43ckI24rh9xrISYB74qAjiZpY1dDv-jEO34fWPHghgSSWdrIWNYJzT2GC5st3e1jKmDju4u69MJF2gOq14cTWRJ3KHwCslgQmOjm-iM0y63Os6X-zyV4ycyOYUBMRg5yR8fmBoOOQso/s640/bp097.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
[/lock]<br />
<br />
Rotary actuators, with shafts
performing up to 90-degree rotary motion, are mounted on rotary valves
such as ball, butterfly, rotary plug and segmented ball valves. These
actuators are derived from linear actuators, and use a gearbox or lever
system to convert the linear motion into a rotary motion. The actuator
construction, where compressed air acts on a rotary vane instead of a
piston, has not established itself on the market. The most popular pneumatic rotary actuator is the reciprocating piston cylinder assembly.<br />
In
contrast to the pneumatic version of rotary actuators, the rotary motion
of electric actuators is inherent. A complex linear unit is needed to
transform the rotary motion into a linear stroke.<br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-15034779798139715712021-09-05T18:30:00.001-07:002021-09-06T01:54:49.324-07:00Cryogenic Valves market size to reach USD 3.75billion by 2023.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SiNcgOJrPxg/W1bZjVxCirI/AAAAAAAAI9s/T2PzmgITWx0CJcYPoGhBPt6XbzjyIDjagCLcBGAs/s1600/bp163.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="480" data-original-width="960" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SiNcgOJrPxg/W1bZjVxCirI/AAAAAAAAI9s/T2PzmgITWx0CJcYPoGhBPt6XbzjyIDjagCLcBGAs/s640/bp163.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
“The cryogenic valve market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 4.51% to 2023.”</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The cryogenic valve market was estimated to be USD 3.00 billion in 2018 and is projected to reach USD 3.75 billion by 2023, at a CAGR of 4.51%, from 2018 to 2023. Rising investments in the LNG sector is the key factor driving the cryogenic valve market. Rising trade of LNG and high demand for industrial gases are the major factors driving the cryogenic valve market. The rising LNG trade has led to the growing demand for storage and transportation of cryogenic gases, which in turn has boosted the demand for cryogenic valves.Moreover, the increasing demand for Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) vessels is further expected to boost the growth of the cryogenic valve market. Volatile metal price can act as a restraint for the cryogenic valve market, leading to declining profits.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
“The Energy & Power subsegment of the end-user segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, from 2020 to 2023.”</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The energy & power subsegment of the end-user segment is expected to grow at the highest CAGR, during the forecast period due to the increasing LNG production. The LNG subsegment held the largest market in 2020 and is expected to grow at the fastest CAGR from 2020 to 2023. In Asia Pacific, countries such as China, India, South Korea, and Southeast Asian countries are the major importers of LNG to meet the growing power generation and domestic sector demand. <br />
<br />
Based on the type, the ball valve subsegment led the cryogenic valve market in 2020. The features of ball valves, such as high flow rate and easy operation compared to other valve types, have resulted in the largest share of the ball valve segment in the cryogenic valve market., Moreover, these valves are designed accordingly and are used in transportation, liquefied gas production, and storage applications. <br />
<br />
Based on application, the transfer lines subsegment held the largest market share in 2020 and is projected to dominate the market during the forecast period. The growing production and demand for liquefied gases is likely to drive the market for cryogenic valves, globally. Based on the end-user segment, the energy & power subsegment led the cryogenic valve market in 2020 and is projected to dominate the market during the forecast period. The increasing LNG demand for power generation applications has led to the largest share of the energy & power segment in 2020.</div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
“Asia Pacific: The largest market for cryogenic valves in 2023”</h3>
<div style="text-align: left;">
The market in Asia Pacific is currently the largest market for cryogenic valves followed by the North American market. The substantial growth in end-user industries, such as chemicals, electronics, metallurgy, and food & beverage, is expected to drive the cryogenic valve market in the Asia Pacific region.</div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-47939212718007370772021-08-26T16:00:00.001-07:002021-08-26T23:38:41.258-07:00What is the basic working principle of a Globe Valve? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uvcPAiGvAOU/WyzO7v6KlPI/AAAAAAAAI20/XuvOCYL-_pA8x76COoibH8GUCo8aXBDLwCLcBGAs/s1600/bp157.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="880" height="362" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-uvcPAiGvAOU/WyzO7v6KlPI/AAAAAAAAI20/XuvOCYL-_pA8x76COoibH8GUCo8aXBDLwCLcBGAs/s640/bp157.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<br />
Although globe valves in the past had the spherical bodies
which gave
them their name, many modern globe valves do not have much of a
spherical shape. However, the term globe valve is still often used for
valves that have such an internal mechanism. Valves with such a
mechanism are also often called stop valves since they don't have the
spherical housing, but the term stop valve may refer to valves which are
used to stop flow even when they have other mechanisms or designs.<br />
<br />
The
body is the main pressure
containing structure of the valve and the most easily identified as it
forms the mass of the valve. It contains all of the valve's internal
parts that will come in contact with the substance being controlled by
the valve. The bonnet is connected to the body and provides the
containment of the fluid, gas or slurry that is being controlled. Globe
valves are typically two-port valves, although three port valves are
also produced mostly in straight-flow configuration. Ports are openings
in the body for fluid flowing in or out. The two ports may
be oriented straight across from each other or anywhere on the body, or
oriented at an angle (such as a 90°). Globe valves with ports at such
an angle are called angle globe valves.
Globe valves are mainly used for corrosive or high viscous fluids which
solidify at room temperature. This is because straight valves are
designed so that the outlet pipe is in line with the inlet pipe and the
fluid has a good chance of staying there in the case of horizontal
piping. In the case of angle valves, the outlet pipe is directed towards
the bottom. This allows the fluid to drain off. In turn, this prevents
clogging and/or corrosion of the valve components over a period of time.
A globe valve can also have a body in the shape of a "Y". This will
allow the construction of the valve to be straight at the bottom as
opposed to the conventional pot type construction (to arrange bottom
seat) in case of other valves. This will again allow the fluid to pass
through without difficulty and minimizes fluid clogging/corrosion in the
long term.</div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
The bonnet provides a leakproof closure for the valve body. The threaded
section of the stem goes through a hole with matching threads in the
bonnet. Globe valves may have a screw-in, union, or bolted
bonnet. Screw-in bonnet is the simplest bonnet, offering a durable,
pressure-tight seal. Union bonnet is suitable for applications requiring
frequent inspection or cleaning. It also gives the body added strength.
A bonnet attached with bolts is used for larger or higher pressure
applications. The bonnet also contains the packing, a wearable material that maintains the seal between the bonnet and the stem during valve. The closure member of the valve, plugs are connected to the stem which
is slid or screwed up or down to throttle the flow. Plugs are typically
of the balance or unbalanced type. Unbalanced plugs are solid and are
used with smaller valves or with low pressure drops across the valve.
The advantages are simpler design, with one possible leak path at the
seat and usually lower cost. The disadvantages are the limited size;
with a large unbalanced plug the forces needed to seat and hold the flow
often becomes impractical. Balanced plugs have holes through the plug.
Advantages include easier shut off as the plug does not have to overcome
static forces. However, a second leak path is created between the plug
and the cage, and cost is generally higher.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fte2hTS5H_Y/WyzO9UNR7-I/AAAAAAAAI24/ywWlqAD83R0cLePUT-UX8Ak4_H51hqYYgCEwYBhgL/s1600/bp156.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1193" data-original-width="1600" height="476" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-fte2hTS5H_Y/WyzO9UNR7-I/AAAAAAAAI24/ywWlqAD83R0cLePUT-UX8Ak4_H51hqYYgCEwYBhgL/s640/bp156.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
The cage is a part of the valve that surrounds the plug and is located
inside the body of the valve. Typically, the cage is one of the greatest
determiners of flow within the valve. As the plug is moved more of the
openings in the cage are exposed and flow is increased and vice versa.
The design and layout of the openings can have a large effect on flow of
material (the flow characteristics of different materials at temperatures, pressures that are in a range). Cages are also used to guide the plug
to the seat of the valve for a good shutoff, substituting the guiding
from the bonnet. <br />
The seat ring provides a stable, uniform and replaceable shut off
surface. Seat are usually screwed in or torqued . This pushes the cage
down on the lip of the seat and holds it firmly to the body of the
valve. Seat may also be threaded and screwed into a thread cut in the
same area of the body. However this method makes removal of the seat
ring during maintenance difficult if not impossible. Seat rings are also
typically beveled at the seating surface to allow for some guiding
during the final stages of closing the valve. Economical globe valves or stop valves with a similar mechanism used in plumbing often have a rubber washer
at the bottom of the disc for the seating surface, so that rubber can
be compressed against the seat to form a leak-tight seal when shut.<br />
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 474px;"><tbody>
<tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 356pt;" width="474"></td><td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 356pt;" width="474"></td><td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 356pt;" width="474"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-71204147869229039302021-08-16T20:30:00.001-07:002021-08-17T06:06:17.207-07:00How to select the right actuator for your valve?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0CY1NaWoxtQBACKbI8DiUe8jN3P1AS-WIOzj4XEx0__E90kX2GFOFTjuvwEjSiTXoz1zmPk7H8FCNBRmMEdDBr1X_I4gsQeDyV9SvGhLe-ZSiRZK7728WVm1WR4IJEKcVbcqgsWz9Z00/s1600/bp094.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="578" data-original-width="755" height="488" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0CY1NaWoxtQBACKbI8DiUe8jN3P1AS-WIOzj4XEx0__E90kX2GFOFTjuvwEjSiTXoz1zmPk7H8FCNBRmMEdDBr1X_I4gsQeDyV9SvGhLe-ZSiRZK7728WVm1WR4IJEKcVbcqgsWz9Z00/s640/bp094.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to select the right actuator for your valve?</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>What is an Actuator? </b></h3>
<b> </b>An actuator is the operator mechanism for opening and closing a valve remotely. It is mounted on top of the valve and coupled to the valve stem.
Manually operated valves have a handwheel mounted on the stem and in some cases come along with a gearbox mechanism and requires someone in the field to physically operate them.
Power-operated actuators can be operated using air pressure, hydraulic pressure or
electricity and allow a valve to be opened or closed remotely. They also allow rapid
operation in case of large valves. Power-operated valve actuators may be the
final elements of an automatic control loop which automatically
regulates some flow, level or other process applications. Actuators may allow intermediate positioning in addition to opening and closing the valve. Power operated valve actuators include control and instrument accessories mounted on them viz; limit switches, i to p converter and indicator to remotely indicate the
open/close position of the valve. To learn more on the basics of Industrial valves read <b>"5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a> <br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Pneumatic Actuators: </b> </h3>
Air pressure or plant air is the power source for most pneumatic valve
actuators. There are two types of pneumatic actuators, the diaphragm type and the piston cylinder type actuator is a linear actuator. They are used on linear or quarter-turn valves. Air pressure
acts on a piston or bellows diaphragm creating linear force on a valve
stem. Alternatively a rotary actuator or quarter-turn vane-type actuator produces torque
to provide rotary motion to operate a quarter-turn valve. While majority of the applications prefer pneumatic actuators due to their light weight and rugged structure the choice between linear vs rotary actuator depends on several factors. There are a few advantages and disadvantages when selecting a linear actuator vs rotary actuator. Moreover they are cost effective and highly reliable. Pneumatic actuators are used in a potentially explosive environment as well. Also the failsafe action of pneumatic actuators is system inherent. A pneumatic
actuator may be designed to be spring-closed or spring-opened, with air
pressure overcoming the spring to provide movement. A double acting
actuator uses air applied to different inlets to move the valve in the
open or close direction. A central compressed air system can
provide the clean, dry, compressed air needed for pneumatic actuators. Kindly find below a detailed comparative chart of different load factors across different types of actuators for a better understanding of selection criteria<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3EdMpUpUhWFl1dVPROtv0qyqoVz2zSyRGeL_eSq1XpLUqiQ_DbmyHrr_rTlWHVFbpFZd6nAtWcy36YOZIWg0kQL8FqH-jqcrBQ1NeliIVtg4KFeWG_JtTx6s_DsUzCBgGuB537ZAH5p0/s1600/bp097.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="501" data-original-width="644" height="496" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj3EdMpUpUhWFl1dVPROtv0qyqoVz2zSyRGeL_eSq1XpLUqiQ_DbmyHrr_rTlWHVFbpFZd6nAtWcy36YOZIWg0kQL8FqH-jqcrBQ1NeliIVtg4KFeWG_JtTx6s_DsUzCBgGuB537ZAH5p0/s640/bp097.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Electric Actuators:</b> </h3>
The Electric actuator uses an electric motor
to provide torque to operate a valve. They are quiet, non-toxic and
energy efficient. However, electricity must be available, which is not
always the case. Electric actuators are mainly used in applications where compressed air is not available viz; in small systems for building automation or in some areas of power plants.The newer generation of quarter-turn actuators incorporates many of the
features found in most sophisticated multi-turn actuators. They are
compact, so can be used on smaller valves, and because of their lower
power requirements, they can be fitted with an emergency power source
such as a battery to provide failsafe operation. To learn more on <b>"What is the difference between a rotary and a linear actuator?" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/01/what-is-difference-between-rotary-and.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Hydraulic Actuators: </b> </h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
Hydraulic actuators convert fluid pressure into motion. Similar to
pneumatic actuators, they are used on both linear or quarter-turn valves.
Fluid pressure acting on a piston provides linear thrust for gate or
globe valves. A quarter-turn actuator produces torque to provide rotary
motion to operate a quarter-turn valve. Most types of hydraulic
actuators can be supplied with fail-safe feature to close or open a
valve under emergency shutdown circumstances. Hydraulic pressure can be supplied
by a self-contained hydraulic pressure pump. In some applications, such
as water pumping stations, the process fluid can provide hydraulic
pressure, although the actuators must use materials compatible with the
fluid. Finally hydraulic actuators are used in applications where the required force to operate the valve cannot be accomodated by pneumatic or electric actuators. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: left;">
<br /></div>
<br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: "arial" , "helvetica" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"><span style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%;"></span></span></span> </div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-79443528037903169182021-07-28T13:30:00.001-07:002021-07-29T03:47:47.967-07:00Global Control Valve market to reach $11.76 Billion by 2023.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-upEnUWLg-Uo/W6IkfBUftuI/AAAAAAAAJHM/q8XeqA76cUARBUI8MaRw0gIAqI3g3zQbACLcBGAs/s1600/bp176.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="749" data-original-width="800" height="598" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-upEnUWLg-Uo/W6IkfBUftuI/AAAAAAAAJHM/q8XeqA76cUARBUI8MaRw0gIAqI3g3zQbACLcBGAs/s640/bp176.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #454748;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: white; color: #454748;"><br /></span></span>
<span style="background-color: #f3f3f3;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="color: #454748;">The global control valve market was valued at USD 9.76 billion in 2017 and is expected to register a CAGR of 3.67% during the forecast period of 2018-2023, to reach USD 11.76 billion. These valves are extensively used across various industries as they are utilized for controlling fluid flow by varying the size of the flow passage as directed by a signal from a controller. Types of control valves considered under the scope of our study include globe, angle, diaphragm, ball, butterfly, and choke. Oil & gas, power generation, and chemical industries are a few of the end-user verticals considered, while the scope of our study is geographically limited to North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Latin America and the Middle East & Africa.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #454748;">Increasing need for wireless infrastructure to maintain/monitor equipment in various plants, rising demand for control valves for oil and gas and sub-sea applications, new oil explorations and revamp of old sites in the Middle East are expected to remain the major driving factors during the forecast period. However, high initial investments in valve projects, coupled with the downtime due to the repairing of valves is expected to hinder the overall market growth.</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #454748;">Globe Valves Expected to Hold the Largest Market Share</span><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><br style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /><span style="color: #454748;">A globe valve is a linear motion valve, which is primarily designed to stop, start, and regulate flow. The disk of a globe valve can be removed from the flow path, or it can completely close the flow path. Conventional globe valves may be used for throttling and isolation services. Although these valves exhibit slightly higher pressure drops than other valves, like gate, plug, ball, etc., they may be used where the pressure drop through the valve is not a controlling factor. Globe valves are extensively employed to control flow. The range of flow control, pressure drop, and duty must be considered in the design of the valve to avert premature failure and to assure satisfactory service. Globe valves are being extensively employed as these valves have both good throttling and shutoff capabilities, coupled with the ability to be used as a stop-check valve if the disc is not attached to the stem.</span></span><br />
<span style="color: #454748;"><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><br /></span></span>
</span><span style="font-family: "georgia" , "times new roman" , serif; font-size: large;"><span style="background-color: #f3f3f3; color: #454748;">There is an increasing trend toward automation and digitalization in the conventional process industries, leading to higher demand for control valves in the country. Suppliers are focusing on product development through either joint ventures or strategic partnerships to take advantage of the opportunities afforded by such projects. The economic growth in India is among the highest in the world, helped by a reorientation of government spending toward needed public infrastructure. Presently the exports from the Indian automation sector is less than 5% of its annual sales and limited to the Middle East and some extent Southeast Asia, while the aim is to achieve an export target of 20% of the yearly production in value terms. In the energy sector, an emphasis is being given to the electrical automation, transmission, and distribution by way of implementing SCADA, and smart grids. Electricity generation and demand in the country is growing at a significant pace. With the advent of Industry 4.0, the energy sector is looking to integrate automation in energy generation to streamline the process, which is expected to drive the adoption of control valves.</span><br style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #454748; margin: 0px; overflow-wrap: break-word; padding: 0px; touch-action: manipulation; word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-263942003512127642021-07-20T15:30:00.001-07:002021-07-21T05:40:15.269-07:00How to read a piping and instrumentation drawing? [Video]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How to read a piping and instrumentation drawing? [Video]</h3>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDtoSFLpcE1Vx2LjcUeujYW_d0K4zR4vUEdBHoFggvU0wKkKEU853ys5tZmllO4MEu8kEuGs1diQYcp5V99BVW1STSu3CVAZ3A_5_psueVaPMdYqymXniCr-2HoLWVoTmErSgblle32w/s1600/bp129.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="777" data-original-width="1233" height="402" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgBDtoSFLpcE1Vx2LjcUeujYW_d0K4zR4vUEdBHoFggvU0wKkKEU853ys5tZmllO4MEu8kEuGs1diQYcp5V99BVW1STSu3CVAZ3A_5_psueVaPMdYqymXniCr-2HoLWVoTmErSgblle32w/s640/bp129.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br /></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
A piping and instrumentation diagram (P&ID) is a detailed diagram in the process industry which shows the piping and vessels in the process flow, together with the instrumentation and control devices. They usually contain the following information:<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Process piping, sizes and identification, including:</h3>
Pipe classes or piping line numbers<br />
Flow directions<br />
Interconnections references<br />
Permanent start-up, flush and bypass lines<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
Mechanical equipment and process control instrumentation and designation (names, numbers, unique tag identifiers), including:</h3>
Valves and their identifications (e.g. isolation, shutoff, relief and safety valves)<br />
Control inputs and outputs (sensors and final elements, interlocks)<br />
Miscellaneous - vents, drains, flanges, special fittings, sampling lines, reducers and increasers<br />
Interfaces for class changes<br />
Computer control system<br />
Identification of components and subsystems delivered by others<br />
<br />
To learn the basics of P&ID symbols and drawings and how to read a P&ID drawing we recommend these courses on <b>UDEMY</b>, the global online self learning platform with over 10000 Courses.<br />
1. <b>How to be an expert in Piping Valves for your career success</b> <a href="https://click.linksynergy.com/link?id=N2WeI0TVZZ0&offerid=358574.564982&type=2&murl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udemy.com%2Fpiping-pipeline-types-of-valve-oil-gas%2F" target="_blank"><b>[BUY ON UDEMY]</b></a><br />
2.<b> Smart Plant Instrumentation</b> <a href="https://click.linksynergy.com/link?id=N2WeI0TVZZ0&offerid=358574.770028&type=2&murl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.udemy.com%2Fsmart-plant-instrumentation-spi-intools%2F" target="_blank"><b>[BUY ON UDEMY]</b></a><br />
<br />
<iframe allow="encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" gesture="media" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/6Z9521_zUSE?rel=0&showinfo=0&start=10" width="560"></iframe><br />
<br />
To learn more on the <b>"Basic guidelines and applications of Control Valves"</b> <b><a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/11/basic-guidelines-and-applications-of.html" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b> P&IDs are originally drawn up at the design stage from a combination of process flow sheet data, the mechanical process equipment design, and the instrumentation engineering design. During the design stage, the diagram also provides the basis for the development of system control schemes, allowing for further safety and operational investigations, such as a Hazard and operability study (HAZOP). To do this, it is critical to demonstrate the physical sequence of equipment and systems, as well as how these systems connect.<br />
<br />
Kindly find in the image below P&ID symbols used in P&ID drawings for different valves and pipings used in process flow and P&ID diagrams.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRyR29bD9L4Icw1oYjRwB2DKvEN679jd8SNPYg23BPoT75oFu3RCNoUOihGfdgQTGZNi9m1NoaHhimstm8jCK3OjEAPJnDQmY74F2r4NOmdLbMt5A9DQ63imgmGhqZobksDoY575w0Ywg/s1600/bp135.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="724" data-original-width="1266" height="366" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRyR29bD9L4Icw1oYjRwB2DKvEN679jd8SNPYg23BPoT75oFu3RCNoUOihGfdgQTGZNi9m1NoaHhimstm8jCK3OjEAPJnDQmY74F2r4NOmdLbMt5A9DQ63imgmGhqZobksDoY575w0Ywg/s640/bp135.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
P&IDs also play a significant role in the maintenance and modification of the process after initial build. Modifications are red-penned onto the diagrams and are vital records of the current plant design.They are also vital in enabling development of;<br />
<br />
Control and shutdown schemes<br />
Safety and regulatory requirements<br />
Start-up sequences<br />
Operational understanding.<br />
<br />
<br />
To learn more on <b>"What are the different causes of failures in Control Valves?"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/11/what-are-different-causes-of-failures.html#more" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a><br />
P&IDs form the basis for the live mimic diagrams displayed on graphical user interfaces of large industrial control systems such as SCADA and distributed control systems.<br />
<br />
To learn more on piping and instrumentation diagrams kindly read the following books.<br />
1. <b> "Pipe Drafting and Design, Third Edition"</b> by Roy A
Parisher <b><a href="http://amzn.to/2CKpXfb" target="_blank">[BUY ON AMAZON]</a></b><br />
<br />
2. <b>"Interpreting Engineering Drawings"</b> by Cengage Learning <b><a href="http://amzn.to/2mcZzDN" target="_blank">[BUY ON AMAZON]</a></b><br />
<br />
3.<b> "The Piping Guide: For the Design and Drafting of Industrial Piping Systems"</b> by Dennis. J. Whistance <b><a href="http://amzn.to/2D12xWt" target="_blank">[BUY ON AMAZON]</a></b><br />
<b>
</b>
<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 474px;"><tbody>
<tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 356pt;" width="474"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 474px;"><tbody>
<tr height="20"><td height="20" style="height: 15.0pt; width: 356pt;" width="474"></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-80831030834428381782021-07-09T04:16:00.001-07:002021-07-09T05:28:20.656-07:00What are the different causes of failures in Control valves? <div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZKjAuJaBGo19lTbLs_OUfhlNBv3JcRuGiZhOZ82RXms4x13DyXUJHAuKTW73ScFr8bDObZfjqicLpRim1HAK1MVMazzBCnx-z9lXri3F_xMe_56SebqyhwZBsJjZz5dUYIqd3qFeiqh4/s1600/bp119.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="198" data-original-width="254" height="498" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZKjAuJaBGo19lTbLs_OUfhlNBv3JcRuGiZhOZ82RXms4x13DyXUJHAuKTW73ScFr8bDObZfjqicLpRim1HAK1MVMazzBCnx-z9lXri3F_xMe_56SebqyhwZBsJjZz5dUYIqd3qFeiqh4/s640/bp119.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What are the different causes of failures in Control valves? </h3>
Control valve failures and the understanding the root causes can be a very challenging task. Before we discuss this topic further its is important to touch upon the basics of control valves. Those not familiar may view my earlier blog post on the <b>"Basic guidelines and Applications of Control valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/11/basic-guidelines-and-applications-of.html" target="_blank">[<b>Click Here</b>]</a>. Troubleshooting control valve failures is essential else they can can severely affect the control loop performance. Thus making tuning the controller a rather difficult task. Some control valve failures are quite obvious to experienced control valve technicians and can easily be detected by loop performance assessment
softwares. Others can be more difficult to detect without running
specific tests. One of biggest challenges with control valves is failure analysis during turnaround onsite services. It is essential therefore to always make sure to watch out and/or test for the following valve problems.<br />
Four common failures associated with control valves are found at a high frequency in poorly performing control loops. These are Dead band, Stiction, Positioner overshoot, Incorrect valve sizing and Nonlinear flow characteristic. Let’s take a closer look at each of these problems. To illustrate the same lets take an example of Fisher dvc6205 (Fisher digital valve controller 6205) in the image below.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTyZJ6lcDZsEHKHKFsujluHwepezVWE7JxnImHtloh9wDEWhBC2LcaODLlriFHnk_X-4_qTFx2HgbO4NWExamC56Wn3rB0pVLf53VdU77f-egzbebdjIiYQZ9uC6qgbVLg5p5DxSnhBw/s1600/bp096.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="220" data-original-width="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgnTyZJ6lcDZsEHKHKFsujluHwepezVWE7JxnImHtloh9wDEWhBC2LcaODLlriFHnk_X-4_qTFx2HgbO4NWExamC56Wn3rB0pVLf53VdU77f-egzbebdjIiYQZ9uC6qgbVLg5p5DxSnhBw/s1600/bp096.jpg" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Dead band</b></h3>
A valve with dead band acts like there is some backlash between the
controller output and the actual valve position. Every time the
controller output changes direction, the dead band has to be traversed
before the valve physically starts moving. Although dead band may be
caused by mechanical backlash (looseness or play in mechanical
linkages), it can also be caused by excessive friction in the valve, an
undersized actuator, or a defective positioner. A control valve with dead band will cause oscillations in a level loop
under PI or PID control if the controller directly drives the control
valve (non-cascade). A control valve with dead band can also cause
oscillations after a set point change in control loops on
self-regulating processes – especially if the integral action of the
controller in this case the Fisher dvc6205 is a little excessive. To learn more on<b> "Why digital valve controllers are preferred over pneumatic" <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2017/12/why-digital-valve-controllers-are.html#more" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<br />
<b>Stiction</b><br />
Another very common problem found in control loops is stiction. This is
short for Static Friction, and means that the valve internals are
sticky. If a valve with stiction stops moving, it tends to stick in that
position. Then additional force is required to overcome the stiction.
The controller dvc6205 continues to change its output while the valve continues
to stick in position. Additional pressure mounts in the actuator. If
enough pressure builds up to overcome the static friction, the valve
breaks free. The valve movement quickly absorbs the excess in pressure,
and often the valve overshoots its target position. After this, the
valve movement stops and the valve sticks in the new position. Frequently, this overshoot in valve position causes the process to
overshoot its set point. Then the valve sticks at the new position, the
dvc6205 controller output reverses direction and the whole process repeats in
the opposite direction. This causes an oscillation, called a stick-slip
cycle. If loop oscillations are caused by stiction, the controller
output’s cycle often resembles a saw-tooth wave, while the process
variable may look like a square wave or an irregular sine wave. Stiction might be caused by an over-tight valve stem seal, by sticky
valve internals, by an undersized actuator, or a sticky positioner. I have llustrated the same in the control loop diagram as below.<br />
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width: 295px;"><tbody>
<tr height="80"><td class="xl65" height="80" style="height: 60.0pt; width: 221pt;" width="295"></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BUXlcqOYFKc/WgQl7YwwVGI/AAAAAAAAHk0/G4CI5PSO0L43HBlDpPlkpJgmu81ahDcnQCLcBGAs/s1600/bp095.gif" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="384" data-original-width="820" height="298" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-BUXlcqOYFKc/WgQl7YwwVGI/AAAAAAAAHk0/G4CI5PSO0L43HBlDpPlkpJgmu81ahDcnQCLcBGAs/s640/bp095.gif" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Positioner Overshoot</b></h3>
<b>
</b>One control valve problem that is more common now than a decade
ago, is that of positioner overshoot. Positioners are fast feedback
controllers that measure the valve stem position and manipulate the
valve actuator until the desired valve position is achieved. Most
positioners can be tuned. Some are tuned too aggressively for the valve
they are controlling. This causes the valve to overshoot its target
position after a change in controller output. Sometimes the positioner
is simply defective in a way that causes overshoot. If the process
controller is also tuned aggressively, the combination with positioner
overshoot can cause severe oscillations in the control loop.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Valve Sizing</b></h3>
The fourth common problem with control valves are oversized valves.
Valves should be sized so that full flow is obtained at about 70%-90% of
travel, depending on the valve characteristic curve and the service
conditions. In most cases, however, control valves are sized too large
for the flow rates they need to control. This leads to the valve
operating at small openings even at full flow conditions. A small
changes in valve position has a large effect on flow. This leads to poor
control performance because any valve positioning errors, like stiction
and dead band, are greatly amplified by the oversized valve.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Nonlinearity</b></h3>
A valve with a nonlinear flow characteristic can also lead to tuning
problems. A control valve’s flow characteristic is the relationship
between the valve position and the flow rate through the valve under
normal service conditions. Ideally the flow characteristic should be
linear. With a nonlinear characteristic, one can have optimal controller
response only at one operating point. The loop could become quite
unstable or sluggish as the valve position moves away from this
operating point.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>Conclusion</b></h3>
It is therefore essential to identify the causes of control valve failure before attempting to tune a control loop, check the valve for dead band,
stiction and nonlinearity and have all problems attended to. This could
save hours of effort tuning a loop in which the control valve is
actually the item needing attention. <br />
<br />
<br />
Credits: Excerpts from the book on <b>"Process Control for Practitioners" by Jacques F Smuts </b></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-20111150984682107212021-06-22T15:30:00.001-07:002021-06-22T23:36:08.514-07:00How Custom B2B Content Marketing Can Build Awareness, Trust And Leads.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztYirvaPCGr7uK7dhwLduoWRL843e9AQWZHxiItA6tCIoXp9P5bn722XDWa79CpJkw3_-xcYM2C96xcqzy58cAkOW5bJw7Lmb0FUmIf9nKBRMLXO_DneNNIzMLp88HgQKKR8EiPxfQ4VA/s1600/xyz.001.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="440" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgztYirvaPCGr7uK7dhwLduoWRL843e9AQWZHxiItA6tCIoXp9P5bn722XDWa79CpJkw3_-xcYM2C96xcqzy58cAkOW5bJw7Lmb0FUmIf9nKBRMLXO_DneNNIzMLp88HgQKKR8EiPxfQ4VA/s640/xyz.001.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
How Custom B2B Content Marketing Can Build Awareness, Trust And Leads.</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. Contentmarketing is a long term strategy like investing in the stock markets.</b></h3>
</div>
Companies these days are waking from the slumber and suddenly want to build a robust social media presence as the there is more action happening online these days. Facebook with over a billion users is almost equal to the population of India. But before you set out to make it all happen online you better get the facts and figures right. A survey by a leading B2B marketing publication revealed "82% of marketers who blog see positive ROI for their content marketing efforts". We totally agree, at VALVE SOLUTIONS we started blogging way back in 2009 before the idea of offering a B2B Content marketing service showed up in 2011. We reccomend you build your digital strategy by first blogging regularly about great customer success stories that will connect and engage your target audience. Most companies are still catching up with the relevance of having a blog
on their website and seldom update the same. If you already have a website, i suggest you optimise the same for relevant keywords using a SEO tool like <b><a href="https://www.semrush.com/?ref=8127027979" target="_blank">[Semrush]</a></b> . However if you need help they can turn your fortunes by listing you on the first page of google search engine rankings. If you are starting out you could block a new domain name for as little as $1.99/month along with powerfull webhosting solutions
from <a href="http://www.dpbolvw.net/click-8499239-11793715" target="_blank"><b>[Interserver]</b></a> or <a href="http://www.bluehost.com/track/valvesolutions/" target="_blank"><b>[Bluehost]</b></a><br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
</h3>
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>2. Building your own blog and social media channels will take you atleast 2 years.</b></h3>
"77% of B2B Buyers say they are more likely to buy from a company whose CEO uses social media" Through your social media channels you will be able to reach, engage and influence your audience who then in turn follow, like your social media channels. Your blog in many ways is static and social media gives you the wings to reach your target audience. Talking about giving your social media marketing wings we reccommend <b><a href="http://www.socialpilot.co/?refer=ECX3ZDLR" target="_blank">[Social Pilot]</a></b> a very good platform to start your social media marketing campaigns. The Starter Plan is FREE and you could schedule upto 10 posts per day.
Besides the tools they offer are super easy and you could schedule a
months campaign in a jiffy. Using advanced social media techniques can drive more traffic to your blog but nothing works like the power of keywords optimization and SEO to get unique visitors to your blog building consistent traffic. I already mentioned about the magic of <b><a href="https://www.semrush.com/?ref=8127027979" target="_blank">[Semrush]</a> </b><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_np6ykV81sw/WzoRGExM4yI/AAAAAAAAI4M/JRAKUEpGFHAkRqvzgSpp1ABGep6k4jddACEwYBhgL/s1600/cm061.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="800" data-original-width="800" height="640" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-_np6ykV81sw/WzoRGExM4yI/AAAAAAAAI4M/JRAKUEpGFHAkRqvzgSpp1ABGep6k4jddACEwYBhgL/s640/cm061.png" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>3.</b> <b>How to build your blog, social networks in just 1 year.</b></h3>
So here is the challenge, building your blog to get any decent traction, subscribers will need you to post atleast 5 to 10 blog posts every month for atleast 2 years and the same goes with sharing content and building your social media channels. I already suggested tools for SEO and social media marketing in the section above. With these tools and a few others you could really cut down this process by one and get your B2B Content marketing building awareness, trust and generating inbound leads. I also reccommend a few simple social media and web marketing tools like <b><a href="http://www.socialpilot.co/?refer=ECX3ZDLR" target="_blank">[Social Pilot]</a></b> <a href="https://go.sumo.com/10568.html" target="_blank"><b>[Sumo]</b></a> and <a href="https://www.getresponse.com/?a=valvesolutions" target="_blank"><b>[GetResponse]</b></a> to
do all the heavy lifting with creating awesome landing pages, Optin
forms to capture lead data, build an email list and social sharing tools. Theses tools have an entry level Starter plan which is FREE to use. If you are more than just blogging and actually looking to drive sales, registrations or signups on your landing/pricing page they have some cool marketing automation features that can be integrated into your pricing webpage in minutes with a short
snippet of code. This can significantly drive outcomes by a few multiples. They have a FREE trial across all their billing plans which is even better.<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>4. The power of building email list and email marketing.</b></h3>
Another very important aspect that many marketers/bloggers ignore at the onset is building an email list. I already suggested a few tools above. With <a href="https://go.sumo.com/10568.html" target="_blank"><b>[Sumo]</b></a> and <a href="https://www.getresponse.com/?a=valvesolutions" target="_blank"><b>[GetResponse]</b></a> you could 2x your email list building outcomes. While acquiring social media audience organically is a much slower process compared to building an email list. You could simultaneously use an email marketing application like <a href="http://www.constantcontact.com/signup.jsp?pn=amruthatech" target="_blank"><b>[Constant Contact]</b></a> or <b><a href="http://mbsy.co/convertkit/32043094" target="_blank">[Convertkit]</a></b> <b> </b>which can automate your entire email campaign over the next few months
and it is real easy to use. Further you can also filter
down to your more serious
prospects using their marketing automation features as to who are most likely to endup as potential buyers. Constant Contact offers a full service FREE trial for 60days so you can actually purchase a billing plan after you are satisfied. These applications work like lead magnets and can really drive signups and registrations by
10X. Finally dont be fooled into buying an email list or acquiring audience for your social media channels by buying audience, that wont serve any purpose. Building quality email lists and audience over your social media channels is like building relationships with people in the offline world. With the power of great content and storytelling you could get much more faster in connecting with your audience.<a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2015/11/how-effective-b2b-storytelling-can.html" target="_blank"><b>[ Click Here]</b></a> to read my blog post on <b>"How effective B2B Storytelling can build a 10X pipeline of leads"</b> Your social media audience will later become brand advocates for you and help you achieve that goal of building awareness, credibility and trust for your business. <br />
<br />
<br />
<h2 style="text-align: left;">
How can we grow your business? </h2>
With our end to end B2B Content marketing solutions you can now put your
content to work and make a permanent post on our blog. Drive the attention of industry leaders to your articles
and webpages indefinitely. Build a dynamic
landing page inside each blog post, Customize with text, image, videos
or slideshare. Further our inhouse experts can offer you Content writing
services should you need to create fresh relevant content about your
products and services. Last but not least, to top
it all we
upsell your content to all other relevant inbound leads based on
similiar keywords, building top of mind presence for your products and
services. For more details on Pricing <b><a href="https://www.valvesolutions.co/pricing" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b><br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br /></h3>
<b> </b></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-48052312478758448852021-06-15T14:00:00.001-07:002021-06-15T22:44:16.472-07:00What are the criteria for choosing the right valve?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pAecrbj40d8/WGt8j1qd2lI/AAAAAAAADRc/74bk-T2Ce4gwR_rBT3oQwLL2gES5ghE9gCLcB/s1600/bp047.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="640" src="https://3.bp.blogspot.com/-pAecrbj40d8/WGt8j1qd2lI/AAAAAAAADRc/74bk-T2Ce4gwR_rBT3oQwLL2gES5ghE9gCLcB/s640/bp047.jpg" width="496" /></a></div>
<b><br /></b>
<b>How to choose a valve:<br />
</b><b><br />
</b>When in doubt you should always check with an expert, Amrutha Technologies can always assist in the valve selection process, with our wealth of experience.But first of all you should know the service conditions.<br />
1. Where the valve is to be used, what function you want to perform?<br />
2. What are the pressure/temperature requirements?<br />
3. What kind of fluids will be in line?<br />
4. What size is the line?<br />
5. Are the conditions moderate or extreme?<br />
6. How much room have you got for valve stems/handles?<br />
What are the service requirements, are the valves to be regularly dismantled for cleaning? Is the installation permanent, or likely to be cut into frequently?<br />
If you can answer these questions the choice of valve becomes evident very quickly, especially to one of our experienced valve sales staff.<br />
<br />
<b>Here are some basic guidelines for valve selection:<br />
</b><br />
<i>The principle function of a valve</i><br />
1. <b>Starting and Stopping flow:</b> Gate, Ball and Butterfly Valves are the most common form of shut-off valve, with ball and even butterfly valves rapidly becoming the primary choice due to the ease of automation and fast shut-off abilities, and in the case of ball valves the barest minimum of flow restrictions. We are often supplying ball and butterfly valves fully actuated, as plants of today become more and more automated, and are often now run by computers and the flick of a switch.<br />
2. <b>Regulating Flow:</b> Regulating or throttling flow is most commonly done with the use of a globe valve, and to a much lesser extent an angle valve. The seat design forces the flow evenly around a disc or plug arrangement that enables a closer regulation of flow. Globe valves are often used for the control of steam. Your garden tap is a very common and basic form of a globe valve design.<br />
3. <b>Preventing Back Flow:</b> This is the function of a check valve; it prevents flow reversal in piping, a primary cause of water hammer. Check valves most commonly are swing checks, normally used with gates and ball valves, and lift check or spring checks, which are normally used with Globe and Control type valves.<br />
4. <b>Regulating Pressure:</b> Pressure Regulators and Control Valves are used to reduce incoming pressure and maintain it at a required service pressure. Fluctuations to the inlet pressures of a pressure regulator will not affect the outlet pressure for which it is set at.<br />
5. <b>Relieving pressure:</b> These are known as Safety Valves, normally used for steam, air, and gases, and Relief Valves, usually used for liquids. These are normally spring loaded valves which open automatically when the pressure exceeds a set limit. They can either vent to atmosphere or to other piping. Excessive pressures in something like a Boiler could cause major damage, if a relief valve was not used.<br />
<i>Common materials valves are made with are </i><br />
<b>Brass and Bronze:</b> Brass is the stock standard material used in most small bore, standard cold water applications. Bronze an alloy of copper, tin, lead and zinc, is normally used for steam and higher temperatures up to 230°C.<br />
<b>Cast Iron:</b> Normally used for lower pressure applications and in butterfly valves bodies where it provides a cost effective alternative to steel. Common in the fire protection and water industry.<br />
<b>Carbon and Stainless Steel:</b> Steel is recommended for higher pressure and temperature applications and/or in services conditions that may be too harsh for Brass, bronze and Cast iron.<br />
<b>Alloys:</b> Used in severe corrosive or acidic applications, or for use at extreme temperatures. Many different types of alloys are available, but these are normally manufactured and imported as required, as some of the more exotic materials can be quite expensive to have sitting around a shelf gathering dust.<br />
<b>PVCs:</b> Plastics and PVCs are becoming an alternative to brass for use in low pressure/temperature air, water and even chemical applications.<br />
<i>Valve markings</i><br />
In addition to the maker’s brand and valve size, is a basic service rating which appears on the body of most valves. Pressure and Temp ratings are normally expressed in pounds and are in terms of steam, unless otherwise indicated.Steel ratings bear a mark such as 150, 300, 600, 900 etc. The figures denote a maximum pressure (in pounds) at a certain maximum temperature, for which the valve is suited. And will also reflect on any ANSI flanges required for the end connections.The important effect temperature has on pressure ratings means it is imperative that manufacturer’s service tables are referred to, and that is where a call to Amrutha Technologies will ease your mind and make your valve selection process easy<br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-50426459337318290512021-06-08T13:00:00.000-07:002021-06-08T22:13:10.521-07:00What is a Control Valve? [VIDEO]<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br /></div>
<iframe allow="autoplay; encrypted-media" allowfullscreen="" frameborder="0" height="315" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/XUFTH-kaE78?rel=0&showinfo=0" width="560"></iframe></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-22426903029905876622021-05-23T14:30:00.001-07:002021-05-23T22:33:18.105-07:00U.S. Control Valve market to be worth $10Billion by 2025.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VIp5-HCKT5U/XiFotWmRMmI/AAAAAAAAMHc/iLeI8QZTQdI8gRRe9gMhYSfzwdA-damvQCNcBGAsYHQ/s1600/bp011.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="176" data-original-width="256" height="440" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-VIp5-HCKT5U/XiFotWmRMmI/AAAAAAAAMHc/iLeI8QZTQdI8gRRe9gMhYSfzwdA-damvQCNcBGAsYHQ/s640/bp011.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">The </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; font-weight: bolder;"><a href="https://www.transparencymarketresearch.com/control-valves-market.html" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #061018; text-decoration-line: none !important; transition: all 0.3s ease 0s;">global control valves market</a> </span><span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">depicts a highly fragmented vendor landscape characterized by substantial competition present between individual players, says Transparency Market Research on the basis of a report compiled by expert analysts. Notable diversity exists with regards to the presence of local as well as international players in this market. Participating in mergers & acquisitions, expanding product portfolios, and facilitating product differentiation are three chief strategies implemented by most players operating in the global control valves market.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Businesses also are imparting a lot of focus on achieving technological innovations, in order to introduce newer and improved valve varieties. With numerous new players entering the market in the next few years, the competition is likely to get more intense. Rotork Plc., Goodwin International Ltd., Flowserve Corporation, KITZ Corporation, Schlumberger Limited, AVK Holding A/S, Bürkert Fluid Control Systems, Emerson Electric Co., Honeywell International Inc., and General Electric Company are key players operating in the global control valves market.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Speaking about statistics, the global control valves market is expected to rise at a strong CAGR of 6.4% between 2017 and 2025. The market initially had a worth of US$6.01 bn in 2016, and is anticipated to be worth at least US$10.46 bn by 2025.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding: 0px;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee; font-weight: bolder; text-align: justify;">Ballooning Power Generation Sector Stokes Growth in Control Valves Market</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 1.6rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Widespread expansions witnessed by the power generation industry is primarily responsible for driving the global control valves market’s growth. This is mainly due to a crucial role played by the control valves in the power generation sector, majorly in terms of regulating the power generation processes. A burgeoning oil and gas industry has also improved the sale of control valves, wherein a dire need to control of power generation and supply-based processes exists. Such a need has considerably increased the number of control valves units produced all over the world, thereby driving the global control valves market.</span></div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: "Open Sans", "Helvetica Neue", helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px; margin-bottom: 0rem; padding: 0px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="background-color: #eeeeee;">Thus, from an overall perspective, rapid industrialization coupled with an impressive progress witnessed by technologies involving use of mechanical engineering-based processes has extensively propelled the global control valves market’s growth.</span></div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-89011769718892243042021-05-18T17:00:00.001-07:002021-05-19T03:15:51.000-07:00What are the different type of Check Valves?<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6JgQLLtcX8jWT5iZihx2AANWHdSI0gsRe6gkY2p4sLx4qLQDsJx-H8ohl7Jr6TkXiylwp1E_-Wpme3ndK10XmtKupJpY0RQHx0p5IHNge00hGpICGDxrN3QFgoF5QYXI2z83hrA0JsU/s1600/bp130.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="183" data-original-width="276" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiU6JgQLLtcX8jWT5iZihx2AANWHdSI0gsRe6gkY2p4sLx4qLQDsJx-H8ohl7Jr6TkXiylwp1E_-Wpme3ndK10XmtKupJpY0RQHx0p5IHNge00hGpICGDxrN3QFgoF5QYXI2z83hrA0JsU/s640/bp130.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
What are the different type of Check Valves?</h3>
The check valve design consists of a valve body, bonnet
and a disc which is attached to a hinge and swings away from the valve
seat to allow fluid to flow in the forward direction. The disc of the check valve swings from fully closed to fully open position depending on the flow pressure of fluid media. Check valves are designed to pass flow in one direction with minimum
resistance and to prevent reverse or back flow with minimal leakage. Some of the different types of check valves are as listed below. To learn more on the basic guidelines to selection criteria of valves read <b>"5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves"</b> <a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank"><b>[Click Here]</b></a> to read my earlier post on the subject<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>1. Swing Check Valves: </b></h3>
Swing check valves funtion on the principal of a disc hinged on a central pin swinging freely from a fully open
position to a fully closed position. The trim design for the swing check valves depends on the process application. From soft seat check valves which provide better leak tightness compared
to metal to metal seating surfaces. Combination seats consisting of a
metal seat ring with resilient insert also offer better leak tight shut off characteristics.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>2.Lift Check Valves: </b></h3>
Lift check valves are designed for application in high pressure service. The basic design of a lift check valve consist of the piston disc which is guided by long contact and a close sliding fit with the
perfectly centered dash pot. The seat design of a lift-check valve is similar to a globe valve. The Y type lift check valves have a tendency to stay in the open
position when service fluid has been trapped above the piston. Large
lift check valves are furnished with an equalizer line between the
chamber above the disc and the downstream side of the valve to facilitate balance of pressure.<br />
<br />
<br />
So how do you select the right type of check valve based on the type of media, type of flow, velocity<b>? </b>To explain this i have put together a chart below.<br />
[lock]<br />
<b></b><br />
<b><br /></b>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-zMXLKqqhuipMkNS6x7FJvFX3ri_gxP7WQjyjjXp-Ok7uyx7ASWDhPhrt2qo4rhMOJNrpG-ZPLFYA_CH2Z3rdBSKDPokKMbqwBiPT_COEwYcJQxCOFVYt1h4eGFi3NVLJzlmFTxOtyy0/s1600/bp136.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="501" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh-zMXLKqqhuipMkNS6x7FJvFX3ri_gxP7WQjyjjXp-Ok7uyx7ASWDhPhrt2qo4rhMOJNrpG-ZPLFYA_CH2Z3rdBSKDPokKMbqwBiPT_COEwYcJQxCOFVYt1h4eGFi3NVLJzlmFTxOtyy0/s640/bp136.jpg" width="574" /></a></div>
<b> [/lock]</b><br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>3. Dual Plate Check Valves: </b></h3>
The dual plate check valve is a popular design in recent times, largely resulted out of solving the problems associated with the swing check valves and the lift check valve.The dual plate check valve design consists of two folding discs spring loaded hinged on a central pin. The unique design of this valve is such that it closes with the reducing pressure in the flow direction with retracting spring tension and does not require reverse flow to close the valve. Further it solves one of the bigger problems of check valves in the industry with no water hammer and non slam function.<br />
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<b>4. Stop Check Valves:</b></h3>
The stop check valve is again a dual functionality check valve. It can be used as a check valve as well as a globe valve for full shut off. In principal the design of a stop check valve is very similiar to that of a globe valve. When the valve is fully closed it functions as a globe valve and if the stem is backed off a few turns from the fully closed position it functions as a check valve, as the disc is a floating design which can slide on the stem to provide the lift as in the case of a check valve. The Y type stop check valve is a design variation just as in the case of a lift check valve.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br /></div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-23846529848291937272021-05-06T13:30:00.001-07:002021-05-06T22:33:11.528-07:00Global industrial valves and actuators market to reach USD145 Billion by 2025.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCg3kgEt3QByg38siLaoZBKajw762pb9V7wlD8LnYU5gYh9eIs_ivwIG24BWFEHCIL_O7l4h4nMJtCP_wmntkIR2jiS6cTI73SFiBaqg3ZPHciK3v-RLLQYJqWu9jg_caBYXotfIdNZ2J7/s1600/image080.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="400" height="446" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjCg3kgEt3QByg38siLaoZBKajw762pb9V7wlD8LnYU5gYh9eIs_ivwIG24BWFEHCIL_O7l4h4nMJtCP_wmntkIR2jiS6cTI73SFiBaqg3ZPHciK3v-RLLQYJqWu9jg_caBYXotfIdNZ2J7/s640/image080.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: OPENSANS-REGULAR, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: OPENSANS-REGULAR, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">The global </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;">industrial valves and actuators market</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"> size is expected to reach </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;"><span class="xn-money" style="box-sizing: border-box;">USD 145.87 billion</span></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"> by </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;">2025</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"> at a </span><span style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px; font-weight: 700;">4.14% CAGR</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"> over the forecast period, according to a study conducted by Grand View Research, Inc. Growing demand in the industrial sector, technological advancements propelling use of smart valves and actuators, and stringent government regulations have bolstered market growth. Adoption of industrial valves and actuators has been on a continuous rise owing to the benefits they offer in controlling temperature and pressure throughout downstream, midstream, and upstream activities. Thus, growing oil and gas exploration activities have triggered demand for industrial valves and actuators.</span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; color: #333333; font-family: OPENSANS-REGULAR, sans-serif; font-size: 14px; text-align: justify;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif; font-size: 20px;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="background-color: white; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: justify;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Tiempos, Georgia, Times, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 19px; text-align: start;" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Key suggestions from the report:</span></div>
<ul style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Tiempos, Georgia, Times, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 10px; margin-top: 0px; text-align: start;" type="disc" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The linear actuator segment is expected to dominate the industrial actuator market by product owing to its preferred use for gate, globe, check, safety valves, among others</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">The market for ball valves is expected to dominate the industrial valves product segment owing to it wide demand across oil & gas, water & wastewater, chemical, and energy & power industries</span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Asia Pacific</span> is expected to be the largest and fastest-growing region over the forecast period due to increasing demand from industries such as oil & gas, water & wastewater, and energy & power in emerging economies like <span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">China</span> and <span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">India</span></span></li>
<li style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span style="box-sizing: border-box;">Prominent industry participants include Emerson Electric Co., Flowserve Corporation, IMI plc, Schlumberger Limited, and AVK Holding A/S.</span></li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<span style="color: #222222; font-family: "tiempos" , "georgia" , "times" , sans-serif;"><span style="font-size: 20px;"><b><br /></b></span></span></div>
<div style="text-align: left;">
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Tiempos, Georgia, Times, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 19px;" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
Increasing global water stress, coupled with industrial wastewater disposal in aquatic ecosystems, has led to urgent need for water reclamation. In order to curb these rising issues, demand for effective treatment equipment systems have increased, thereby opening up immense opportunities in water and wastewater industries. Furthermore, 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing (AM), has the potential to transform the production of industrial valves and actuators. A myriad of conventional designs and products, including check valves, gate valves, and servo valves, can now be developed using 3D printing technology. The technology is helping valve manufacturers in changing the approach from "Just-in-time (JIT) delivery" to "JIT manufacturing".</div>
<div style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Tiempos, Georgia, Times, sans-serif; font-size: 20px; margin-bottom: 19px;" xmlns="https://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">
<span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Asia Pacific</span> is expected to dominate the market over the forecast period owing to rising subsea explorations and increasing investments in industries such as chemical, water and wastewater, and energy and power. Moreover, expanding production of oil sands and shale gas in <span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">North America</span> and growing exploration in regions such as <span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Africa</span> and <span class="xn-location" style="box-sizing: border-box;">Asia</span> have spurred market demand. Replacement of old and inefficient valves with more efficient ones for gas transportation in midstream infrastructure is also anticipated to boost demand over the forecast period.</div>
<div>
<br /></div>
<div class="htl-ad htl-size-1x1" data-prebid="0x0:|960x0:Stocks/News/300x250" data-refresh-secs="60" data-refresh="viewable" data-sizes="0x0:|960x0:300x250" data-targeting="{"region":"desktop-in-post"}" data-unit="Markets-Insider/Stocks/News" id="htlad-3" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: #222222; font-family: Tiempos, Georgia, Times, sans-serif; font-size: 20px;">
<div class="htl-ad-gpt" data-google-query-id="CIDq_ebahOYCFYqQcAodX2MDOQ" id="htlad-3-gpt" style="box-sizing: border-box;">
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-84535375409750669272021-04-16T18:30:00.001-07:002021-04-17T05:09:50.569-07:00Valve market in the U.S. to be valued at USD 36.20 billion.<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UkDq2d2mzt8/W03E735YdBI/AAAAAAAAI9M/3O70AZSNkp8o4fjkMlONDFSIhtSaCRNsQCLcBGAs/s1600/bp154.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="332" data-original-width="500" height="424" src="https://2.bp.blogspot.com/-UkDq2d2mzt8/W03E735YdBI/AAAAAAAAI9M/3O70AZSNkp8o4fjkMlONDFSIhtSaCRNsQCLcBGAs/s640/bp154.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
U.S. valve market is expected to be valued at USD 36.20 billion by 2025,
driven mainly by growing demand from oil and gas industry. Rising
need of automation from manufacturing and processing industries is
driving the demand for predictive monitoring and maintenance. These
devices are the most common and indispensable device of our current
technology that controls the flow of a fluid. The U.S. government is
investing in conservation of water owing to the rising urban population
and demand form manufacturing sector. Thus, Municipal Corporation are
focusing on water & waste water treatment to meet increasing demand,
which in turn is expected to boost the market for over the projected
period.<br />
<br />
In the year 2016, U.S. chemical industry remained the top
consumer of the industrial segment, followed by power generation and
water & sewage management. Although, huge quantity is deployed in
oil & gas, American Navy and Merchant Marines accounted for the
maximum use. In the last few years, the market has shown growth in terms
of types and sizes. Valves are available in wide variety of materials,
including carbon steel, stainless steel, cast iron, ductile iron, brass
and aluminum.<br />
<br />
Increasing oil and gas industry in U.S is
expected to drive the demand over the forecast period. The U.S. is one
of the largest producer and consumer of oil in the world. To meet
increasing demand form end-use sector, oil producer in the country are
investing in EOR techniques, which in turn is expected to fuel the
demand in the country over the projected period. For instance,
custom-engineered valves of large diameters are used in oil pipelines.
More is the manufacturing output, more will be the gains. This gain is
further likely to uplift the market owing to the intensive use of
faucets and spigots in chemical industry. Construction market is
expected to post strongest rise in the demand, where growing spending on
both, residential and nonresidential sector, will drive the demand in
the U.S. market.<br />
<br />
Profits of the valve market in U.S. is totally
dependent on the performance of the end-use industries that utilize this
device. These devices are widely used to control the flow of material
in the manufacturing and other industry. Their use varies depending on
application and so does the use of material require in manufacturing
these devices. It’s hard to process the right type of material in the
formation of valve, hence, the process becomes time consuming and
critical. Key players involved in this market, includes Emerson Electric
Co., Parker Hannifin, Valtorc International USA, Kennedy Valve Co.,
Balon Corporation, Powell Valves, M&H Valve, and McWane.</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-8529688681595514222.post-48938003064920959342021-04-13T15:30:00.000-07:002021-04-13T22:30:13.316-07:00Habonim 2500lbs Cryogenic floating ball valve - Case Study<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9wb8F1UBrz4/WYG2RMBAogI/AAAAAAAAFnY/uPjPP5eNhco4zFyXGwnC2swEKZHeSOgmgCLcBGAs/s1600/bp091.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="200" data-original-width="300" height="426" src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-9wb8F1UBrz4/WYG2RMBAogI/AAAAAAAAFnY/uPjPP5eNhco4zFyXGwnC2swEKZHeSOgmgCLcBGAs/s640/bp091.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>
<br />
<h3 style="text-align: left;">
<br /></h3>
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><br />
<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">BACKGROUND:<br />
</span></b>Ever since tighter rules on sulphur emissions from ships came into
effect on 1 January 2015, all ships operating in northern EU waters must comply
with strict new sulphur emissions limits. This called for tighter norms of air
pollution from the maritime industry inorder to improve human health and
protect the environment. Ship operators can now either opt for more expensive,
cleaner fuel or use an approved abatement technology. The cleaner fuel option
means switching from high-sulphur fuel (HSF) to low-sulphur fuel (LSF)or
converting the ship to use liquefied natural gas (LNG).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><br />
THE CHALLENGE:<br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">An integrator of
high pressure pumps and skids was building a skid for a MEGI system (MEGI =
dual fuel motor: heavy oil and LNG) to be mounted on a LNG ship in Korea. The
integrator was previously using globe balls top entry valves across all piping
on the skid. One of those valves were very critical in nature as it included a
removable orifice plate. The orifice had to be fine-tuned (by changing its
size) during the start-up of the system when the valve along with the skid was
installed on the ship. Further LNG which is the service media had to be pumped
up to 370 Bar using a high pressure pump. This was also a cause of concern as
all valves, fittings and piping to be mounted on the skid had to pressure Class
2500lbs to withstand high pressure. In addition LNG then had to be gasified to
feed the motor. </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
integrator needed an <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>easier solution to
operate these valves, preferably a three piece design with a removable central
orifice plate that would facilitate easy hydraulic pressure testing of the
skid. Further these valves needed to be supplied from a reliable manufacturer
at an affordable price point. Also all material supply for building this skid
had to be in accordance to the maritime approval and Korean register standards
authority. To learn more on the basic guidelines and selection criteria for valves read <b>"5 Questions you must ask before you buy Industrial Valves"</b> <b><a href="http://amruthatechnologies.blogspot.in/2016/12/5-questions-you-must-ask-before-you-buy.html" target="_blank">[Click Here]</a></b> to read my earlier post on the subject</span><br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:WordDocument>
<w:View>Normal</w:View>
<w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom>
<w:TrackMoves/>
<w:TrackFormatting/>
<w:PunctuationKerning/>
<w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/>
<w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>
<w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent>
<w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>
<w:DoNotPromoteQF/>
<w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther>
<w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian>
<w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript>
<w:Compatibility>
<w:BreakWrappedTables/>
<w:SnapToGridInCell/>
<w:WrapTextWithPunct/>
<w:UseAsianBreakRules/>
<w:DontGrowAutofit/>
<w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/>
<w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/>
<w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/>
<w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/>
<w:Word11KerningPairs/>
<w:CachedColBalance/>
</w:Compatibility>
<m:mathPr>
<m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/>
<m:brkBin m:val="before"/>
<m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/>
<m:smallFrac m:val="off"/>
<m:dispDef/>
<m:lMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:rMargin m:val="0"/>
<m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/>
<m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/>
<m:intLim m:val="subSup"/>
<m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/>
</m:mathPr></w:WordDocument>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
DefSemiHidden="true" DefQFormat="false" DefPriority="99"
LatentStyleCount="267">
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="0" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Normal"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="heading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="9" QFormat="true" Name="heading 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 7"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 8"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" Name="toc 9"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="35" QFormat="true" Name="caption"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="10" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" Name="Default Paragraph Font"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="11" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtitle"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="22" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Strong"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="20" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="59" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Table Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Placeholder Text"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="1" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="No Spacing"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Revision"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="34" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="List Paragraph"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="29" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="30" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Quote"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 1"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 2"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 3"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 4"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 5"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="60" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="61" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="62" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Light Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="63" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="64" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Shading 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="65" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="66" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium List 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="67" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 1 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="68" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 2 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="69" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Medium Grid 3 Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="70" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Dark List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="71" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Shading Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="72" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful List Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="73" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" Name="Colorful Grid Accent 6"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="19" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="21" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Emphasis"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="31" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Subtle Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="32" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Intense Reference"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="33" SemiHidden="false"
UnhideWhenUsed="false" QFormat="true" Name="Book Title"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="37" Name="Bibliography"/>
<w:LsdException Locked="false" Priority="39" QFormat="true" Name="TOC Heading"/>
</w:LatentStyles>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 10]>
<style>
/* Style Definitions */
table.MsoNormalTable
{mso-style-name:"Table Normal";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:0;
mso-style-noshow:yes;
mso-style-priority:99;
mso-style-qformat:yes;
mso-style-parent:"";
mso-padding-alt:0in 5.4pt 0in 5.4pt;
mso-para-margin-top:0in;
mso-para-margin-right:0in;
mso-para-margin-bottom:10.0pt;
mso-para-margin-left:0in;
line-height:115%;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:minor-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;}
</style>
<![endif]-->
</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">THE SOLUTION:<br />
</span></b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Habonim came up with
a modified design of high pressure Class 2500lbs cryogenic floating ball valve
taking under consideration the Korean register standards. Habonims solution
included removable orifice plate which would facilitate FAT testing as well as easy
removal and installation for maintenance while the valve was in use on board
the ship. One of the challenges was to get the dual certificate for SS 316/316L
stock bar material from the Korean register which was a requirement of the end
customer. The valve was designed for easy removal and installation while
mounted on the skid. Also the isometrics of the skid piping were taken into
consideration for space constraints and ease of valve operation while mounting
the valve on the skid. Finally after manufacturing the valve, the design
engineers at Habonim faced yet another challenge. A customized high pressure
test bench Class 2500lbs was needed to accommodate the non standard design of
the valve which was not readily available in the market. Given the high standards
that Habonim sets for the valve industry, this task too was achieved with much
ease.</span></div>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"><b>The above case study was written for one of our customers M/s Habonim, Israel.</b> </span></div>
</div>
Anandhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/17781166577112332820noreply@blogger.com0